Introduction. This article focuses on the investigation of Boole’s theory of categorical syllogism, exposed in his book “The Mathematical analysis of Logic”. That part of Boolean legacy has been neglected in the prevailed investigations on the history of logic; the latter provides the novelty of the work presented.

Methodology and sources. The formal reconstruction of the methods of algebraic presentation of categorical syllogism, as it is exposed in the original work of Boole, is conducted. The character of Boolean methods is investigated in the interconnections with the principles of symbolic algebra on the one hand, and with the principles of signification, taken from R. Whately, on the other hand. The approaches to signification, grounding the syllogistic theories of Boole and Brentano, are analyzed in comparison, wherefrom we explain the reasons why the results of those theories are different so much.

Results and discussion. It is demonstrated here that Boole has borrowed the principles of signification from the Whately’s book “The Elements of Logic”. The interpreting the content of the terms as classes, being combined with methods of symbolic algebra, has determined the core features of Boolean syllogism theory and its unexpected results. In contrast to Whately, Boole conduct the approach to ultimate ends, overcoming the restrictions imposed by Aristotelean doctrine. In particular, he neglects the distinction of subject and predicate among the terms of proposition, the order of premises, and provide the possibility to draw conclusions with negative terms. At the same time Boole missed that the forms of inference, parallel to Bramantip and Fresison, are legitimate forms in his system. In spite of the apparent affinities between the Boolean and Brentanian theories of judgment, the syllogistics of Boole appeared to be more flexible. The drawing of particular conclusion from universal premises is allowable in Boolean theory, but not in Brentanian one; besides, in his theory is allowable the drawing of conclusion from two negative premises, which is prohibited in Aristotelian syllogistic.

Conclusion. Boole consistently interpreted signification of terms as classes; being combine with methods symbolic algebra it led to very flexible syllogism theory with rich results.

Introduction.Digital etiquette is a new type of etiquette that defines the rules of behavioral culture in the digital environment of the Internet. It is also shown that digital etiquette is not only a new type of communicative interaction, but also is one of the new socio-cultural phenomena of digital civilization, as well as modern convergent knowledge of a theoretical and applied nature, which is formed at the intersection of humanitarian and technological knowledge and is currently in the process of its formation.

Methodology and sources.The work is based on the application of the methodology of historical-philosophical, cultural-philosophical, axiological and interdisciplinary approaches to the consideration of digital etiquette as a new communicative phenomenon of modern reality. The works of russian and foreign authors are devoted to the etiquette theme in the digital and non-digital environment as a source base, as well as modern scientific research are used in digital communications, including digital humanities.

Results and discussion.Based on the analysis presented in the article according to the definition of etiquette as a phenomenon and as a concept, its essential features and distinctive characteristics, the specific features of digital etiquette are identified, including value attitudes that are determined by the properties of the third-generation Network (in particular, such as Digital- and Phygital-interaction, actualization of the reputational component of behavioral culture on the Internet, personalization of branding, etc.), which generally indicated the interdisciplinary nature of the new etiquette and the general trend of its development as a digital humanitarian knowledge.

Conclusion. The role and importance of the behavioral culture of Network users at the personal and corporate levels becomes very important in modern realities. However, first of all, this applies to representatives of the younger generation-generation Z, which has defined personal freedom as the main value of its existence in society. In this regard, the role of the educational component, including its etiquette component, is objectified in the entire educational system. In particular, within the higher school, digital etiquette training is the training of digital humanitarian knowledge, which represents the unity of educational and educational in the formation of a behavioral culture that reflects the challenges of the new era.

Introduction.In the technogenic epoch, people’s understanding of the nature of time has changed. The image of the high-tech time has formed and widely spread under the influence of modern technologies. Today, it has determined the nature of the temporal existence of person and has become, through the electronic clock, an instrument of its dehumanization. Anticipating these threats, the representatives of existentialism undertook the development of temporal problems starting from the middle of the XIX century. The existential analysis of the category “instant” as a specific dimension of the temporal existence of a person has taken a central place in it. Identifying the differences in the meaning of the terms “instant” and “minute” in philosophical and natural science interpretations, the author has suggested the possibility of humanizing modern technological processes by changing modern person’s concept of time.

Methodology and sources. Hermeneutical and retrospective methods, methods of existential and comparative analyzes, the use of existential, cultural and interdisciplinary approaches have become the methodological basis of the work. The analysis of philosophical texts on the problem of changing the perception of time by person in the technogenic epoch (L. Mumford, M. McLuhan, D. Naisbitt), the works of existential philosophers devoted to temporal problems (S. Kierkegaard, N. Berdyaev, M. Heidegger) theoretical works on physics (S. Hawking, E. Sudarshan, J. Vaccaro), and a number of works on the humanitarian problems of the technogenic epoch was made (E. Balas, V. Tikhonova, V. Stepin, L. Kuznetsova).

Results and discussion. The problem of overcoming the dehumanization of the temporality of human existence under the influence of high-tech time was considered in the article. The following conclusions were the results of the study of this problem. First, the reasons for the dehumanization of the temporal existence of a person acting in accordance with high-tech time have been identified. Secondly, the need to distinguish between the concepts of “minutes” of objective time and “moments” of the temporality of human existence was justified. Third, the study of temporal problems was defined as a condition for the humanization of scientific and technological development of modern epoch.

Conclusion. In the technogenic, person’s free choice between minutes of high-tech time and moments of existential time have determined the fate of his / her temporal existence. Making one’s choice, a person has determined the character of the development of the technogenic epoch in the direction of the dehumanization of human existence or in the direction of the humanization of the technical world. The breadth of the study of the nature of human temporality and temporal issues in general will have affected the right choice.

Introduction. The article analyzes the impact of forced self-isolation in connection with the coronavirus pandemic in the spring of 2020 on communication between people living together. The relevance of the topic, in addition to the current situation in society, is determined by the fact that interpersonal communication is a factor that has a great influence on the quality of relations between people, and therefore on the psychological stability of each individual.

The purpose of the article is to find out how the self-isolation regime affected the communication between people living together.

Methodology and sources. The current situation in modern society actualizes the value of using methods of analysis and management of communicative behavior in the practice of interpersonal communications, such as Nonviolent Communication by M. Rosenberg, Transactional Analysis by E. Berne, Neuro-Linguistic Programming. They were used by the author of the article as a source to identify the key problems of interpersonal communication during self-isolation.

Results and discussion. To solve the problems of the study, we conducted a survey, in which 217 respondents took part. Guided by the task to describe as accurately as possible the nature of changes in communication between people living together, the author included different groups of questions in the questionnaire. The first group is aimed at assessing communication as a whole through an attempt to look at it from the outside. Further, the respondent was asked to recall the difficulties and positive changes brought to communication by a new way of life and, possibly, by an emotional state. The next two questions were devoted to tense and conflict situations: the respondent was asked to evaluate the changes in their number, and then, in the open-ended question, write how the ways of solving such situations during self-isolation have changed. Two more questions were aimed at assessing changes in the communicative behavior of cohabitants and their own. In the last, also open-ended question, the author was interested in the general nature of changes in communication with family and friends with whom the respondent does not live together.

Conclusion. The study confirmed the author’s assumption that there were significant changes in the communication between people living together during the period of forced self-isolation in the spring of 2020.

During the study period, there were more tense and conflict situations in communication between cohabitants, which made the search for new communication strategies and techniques to preserve the psychological stability of interpersonal relations.

Many respondents noted the positive impact of the period of self-isolation on their relationships with people living with them. Among the difficulties, the most common were communication fatigue, difficulty in expressing their emotions, self-disclosure, and an increase in the number of conflicts.

Introduction. Parental prevention efforts on child sexual abuse (CSA) are paramount for children to have better protection. However, parental awareness and beliefs are essential constituents influencing parental prevention efforts. Previous studies have revealed that parents tend to judge child sexual abuse as a low risk to their children, which in turn impacts CSA prevention activities. The aim of this study was to explore parental beliefs on the risk of CSA, specifically victim- and perpetrator-specific risk of child sexual abuse to their children, as well as parents’ approaches to protecting their children.

Methodology and sources. Data were collected from 22 parents during focus group interviews (n=6) combined with activity-oriented questions.

Results and discussion. Based on data, four perpetrator and two victim-specific risk profiles were created. When parents find similarities between their children and perceived victims or perpetrators, it triggers the defensive othering effect, which acts as a subconscious protection mechanism, yet often creates inaccurate risk assessment and false confidence. The findings also tender that most parents do not teach their children the necessary skills related to CSA since they determine the risk to be low.

Conclusion. This study adds to our understanding of CSA-related risk perception and prevention approaches, offering a conceptual addition to the defensive attribution theory. Further investigation is needed on the impacts of the cognitive processes and psychological protection mechanisms in relation to CSA risk assessment. The data from this study will be useful in developing CSA prevention programs and materials.

Introduction. The actuality of the topic is determined by the emergence of a new institution for Russia – the all-Russian voting, regarding which there is no single interpretation of the scientific community. The reform of the Constitution – amendments in 2020 – solved the urgent questions concerning the value-ideological sphere and also the socio-economic and political ones. The purpose of the article is to determine the justification, effects and perspectives of all-Russian voting as an institution of democracy and a legal institution. We made an attempt to systematically analyze the phenomenon of all-Russian voting and determine its meaning and prospects on the basis of existing regulatory legal acts, scientific developments of sociologists and lawyers. It provides the novelty of the work presented.

Methodology and sources. The empirical base of the study is the data of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center poll on the awareness of Russians about the nationwide voting on amendments to the Constitution, as well as the results of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center electoral forecast on 06.23.2020, materials of the official website of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation on the results of the all-Russian vote in 2020. In our work we used the concepts and developments of Russian scientists: Dzidoev R. M., Ilyin V. A., Morev M. V., Khorunzhiy S. N., Khristoforova E. I., Sokolova E. A., Chebotarev G. N. and others. We also used M. Weber’s theory of plebiscite democracy and the theory of social institution. The study used the method of systems analysis and general logical methods.

Results and discussion. In connection with the conduct of the all-Russian vote on the approval of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, new regulatory legal acts were adopted. The emergence of the phenomenon of all-Russian voting has caused discussions in the scientific community and in society about the legitimacy and consequences of this political and legal phenomenon. In the article the author examines the sociological aspects of the all-Russian vote as an institution of democracy regarding the validity, nature, causes, consequences and perspectives. Namely, the forecasts of the institutionalization of the all-Russian vote, the features of this manifestation of democracy in relation to other forms of democracy in Russia, its significance for society are touched upon.

Conclusion. Russia is a democratic state, and the forms of manifestation of democracy are enshrined in legislation. The all-Russian voting was held in accordance with the regulatory legal acts specially created for its implementation. A new institution of democracy has been formed. The result of voting for amendments to the Constitution showed the level and dynamics of interaction between the state and society, the timeliness of the questions put to the voting. Withal, the introduction of the all-Russian voting in the legal system of Russia and the question of the final institutionalization of the relevant relationship seems unlikely.

Introduction. The article examines the transition of higher education to the paradigm of smart education. The article presents the results of a sociological study, the purpose of which was to compare the real experience of online learning of students with the expected results from the implementation of the principles of the new digital educational paradigm.

Methodology and sources. The principles of the economics of higher education, the institutional tradition of the sociology of higher education, and the theory of social representations were used as a methodological framework for the study.

Results and discussion. The results of monitoring the satisfaction and self-assessment of the online learning experience of students of one of the leading technical universities in Russia are presented. The authors of the article revealed the interest and generally positive attitude of students, regardless of whether or not they have an appropriate educational experience in online learning. At the same time, the question remains whether at the present stage of digitalization of higher education its transition to the principles of the smart paradigm is being carried out.

Conclusion. First, there is still no sufficient data on a significant increase in the effectiveness of educational activities. It is possible to record only an increase in student satisfaction with their academic performance. Secondly, there is a problem of self-organization of the system. Finally, the degree of readiness of students who have completed online training for independent production of knowledge and solving non-standard problems is not clear. Rather, on the contrary, the more difficult the mastered professional discipline becomes, the more students need the help of a teacher.

Introduction. The paper deals with the peculiarities of the technical image nomination in western sci-fi films. The aim of the paper is to analyse the means of rendering of the technical imagery in modern films. The scientific topicality is in treating the subject of the paper in the light of the modern cognitive approach to image conceptualization, which is studied with the aim of demonstrating the individual specific picture of the world of the film creation. The study is centered around technical images from western films about computers and mechanisms. The topicality of the study is defined by the invariably high level of popularity of the technical sphere in the modernity by comparison with other (natural, biological) semantic spheres.

Methodology and sources. The paper makes use of specific linguistic methods of observation, description, qualitative count and the universal method of comparison. The unique method of conceptual modelling allows to reconstruct reality objects behind certain technical images. The method “from the opposite” questions the trend to activate certain thematic fields in image nomination whilst other are left unheeded. The fact basis of the study is formed from more than 500 technical images of the modern English language, found by means of solid selection from more than 30 feature film scripts, dealing with the world of technology based on the site scripts.com.

Results and discussion. The analysis of technical imagery in western film discourse was carried out with the help of cognitive and discoursive methods, disclosing evaluational statements of film characters aimed at solving the topical issues in films. The analysis demonstrated that thanks to its implicit nature the image is able to render the emotional condition, to give direction to thought process, to provide wide program of information processing accompanied by the freedom of choice. Evaluational categories of expressiveness and imagery are used by directors and scriptwriters in assessment and adaptation of the collective knowledge and schemes in personal conceptual system of the film character in the process of the rendering of the personal vision of the world.

Conclusion. The use of cognitive and discoursive methods allowed to identify the role of images in film production. The image doesn’t belong to the secondary background knowledge, it is situated in the middle between the secondary and the significant, enabling the knowledge with the element of emotion. The implicitness of images in films stimulates thinking, directs the search of lost plot lines, lays the basis for the disclosure of the director’s vision. The image allows the viewer to be active and the process of viewing become a kind of common creation, common drawing of the image.

Introduction.The article analyses the specifics of the functioning of the zeugma in artistic speech. Despite the popularity of this rhetorical figure since ancient times and its use in various spheres of communication, there is still no complete clarity about the essence of this linguistic phenomenon.

Methodology and sources.The article considers various interpretations of the zeugma, determines its place in the circle of other rhetorical figures, conducts a structural analysis of zeugmatic constructions, identifies its syntactic and morphological variations, analyzes the stylistic potential. As an empirical material, lyrical and prose texts of German-language literature of the XIX–XX centuries are used, including works by H. Heine, A. Döblin, G. Trakl, G. Benn, K. Edschmid, H. Böll and other authors.

Results and discussion.As a rhetorical figure, zeugma is built on the conflict of syntax and semantics, representing several syntactically homogeneous, but semantically heterogeneous elements. Zeugma, as a rule, has a nuclear word in its composition, in which, in conjunction with various actants, different meanings/shades of meanings are actualized, although “non-nuclear” zeugmas are also found. The role of the reference element is most often a verb-predicate, less often the core of the construction becomes an adjective, participle, adverb, noun. The elements of the paratactic series are usually nouns (homogeneous subjects, additions, circumstances), but the analysis also reveals cases of illogical combinations represented by other parts of speech, as well as examples with heterogeneous morphological forms within the same zeugmatic construction. The functional analysis of the zeugma demonstrates the rich stylistic potential of this rhetorical figure, which acts as a means of humor and satire in literary texts, serving to convey emotional states, semantic saturation of the utterance, and the increment of new meanings.

Conclusion. Zeugma acts as a significant method of pragmatic focusing in a literary text, being especially widely represented in modernist literature, characterized by semantic multilayering and intensity of artistic expression.

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of the relationship (hereafter R-linguistics) and is concerned with the semantic interpretation in terms of the linguistic model that is the initial stage to consider the logic of natural language (external logic).

Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. In particular, the verbal categorization method is used to represent concepts and verbs. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics of natural language, the previously formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used. The interpretation operator maps the sentences of the language into the model, taking into account the previously interpreted sentences.

Results and discussion. The problems that arise during the operation of the natural language interpretation operator are analyzed using examples of text translation and utterance algebra. The source of problems is the dependence of the interpretation of sentences on the already accumulated results of interpretation. The features of the interpretation of negation and double negation in the language are analyzed. In particular, the negation of a sentence affects the interpretation of previous sentences, and double negation usually denotes a single negation with an indication of its scope. It is shown that even from the point of view of classical logic, linguistic negation is not unconditional, and the operation of concatenation is not commutative and associative. General rules of text interpretation in the form of step-by-step mapping of sentence elements into a linguistic model are formulated.

Conlcusion. From the considered examples of the implementation of the interpretation operator, it follows that the negation of a sentence requires a change in the meaning of the operation of attributing sentences in the text. For this reason, the negative particle ”not” in the language is actually a label for changing the interpretation rule. The double negation rule in sentence logic does not hold, so sentences containing double negations are likely to contain information about the scope of the sentence negation in the text. Based on the analysis, the contours of the interpretation operator for the linguistic model are indicated.

Introduction. The paper reviews features and main problems of feminist linguistics. The novelty of the study is an unparalleled take on feminist linguistics in contradistinction to gender linguistics; the identification of their fundamental differences as well as emphasizing arguments in favour of both scholarly importance and practical value of feminist linguistic studies. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the lack of academic papers concerning the subject; the growing interest in studying the language as an anthropocentric sociocultural phenomenon; and the increasing significance of the feminist movement world-wide.

Methodology and data sources. The theoretical foundation of the study constitutes Russian and foreign gender studies (works of А. V. Kirilina, А. М. Kuznetsov), feminist sociological and sociolinguistic studies (L. N. Kaznin, R. Lakoff, M. Fuko) as well as feminist linguistic studies (N. A. Antropova, E. Gorshko, O. A. Voronina, E. Zdravomyslova, A. V. Tolstokorova). The methods of the study include both analysis and synthesis of theoretical material; polling research; the analysis of the collected data.

Results and discussion. The latest results on feminist linguistics research are showing inadequacy of the attempts of proving the existence of either «women’s language», «men’s language», or genderlect. This is in fact entirely sociocultural phenomenon of the replicating women’s and men’s behavioral patterns in a particular culture, including the patterns of speech. Feminist linguistics uses a more in-depth approach in the studies and addresses the language system directly, identifying gender asymmetry that is evident in the androcentrism of a language; it also develops strategies against language sexism and suggests concrete ways of its elimination, such as the introduction of gender-neutral lexical units and feminine gender-specific job titles, the implementation of inclusive language. All of that is possible with feminist language reforms and appropriate feminist language planning.

Conclusion. An overview of conventional gender linguistics findings draws to a conclusion that feminist linguistic studies introduce lots of new ideas of a special value to linguistics. Feminist language critique is a progressive course of modern linguistics that draws attention to the most vital language issues of the society and suggests effective means of addressing them.