Introduction. The article discusses various historical examples of symbolic spaces – spaces of the existence of an image – to consider how representation systems are arranged in them and how they set the tone for the complex process of creating an image of a person. The author does not consider the image as a conscious construct, which is completely dependent on this external system, but supposes that it is important to research it for a deeper understanding of the modern version of symbolic space and all complex and interrelated processes in it. Thus, the article provides theoretical grounds for a legitimate comparison of practices of the Internet and social media representation with the practices of the past which unfolded in specific, semiotic toposes: Egyptian murals in tombs, the ancient city, a medieval temple, and a European text of the Modernity.

Methodology and sources. The theoretical basis of this research is on the contact of a number of approaches to the analysis of the image and image systems: representationst, phenomenological, philosophical-anthropological, (post)structuralist. The author uses works in historical, cultural and art studies in the respective eras as soursces of information on individual spaces of representation of the past (B. Manley, M. Bird, D. Yu. Dorofeev, V. Svetlov, S. Zotov, M. Maizuls, M. Foucault and others). The author relies on detailed descriptions of public spaces, identifies and compares their characteristic features.   

Results and discussion. Having examined the main features of a number of symbolic spaces of the past, the author shows how they inevitably affect the process of building an image, creating the system of representation. In this sense, both “city” and “text” are presented in the article as concepts, semantic fields and structures, and not as physical objects. The author comes to the conclusion that there is no so much novelty of the modern processes of symbolic exchange on the Internet, as it is usually declared. Most of the actual space`s features which today are called new are found in other spaces and other times. Polyphony, the visual component, one-to-many and many-to-many message addressing, active use of “ready-made” markers and symbolic “blanks”, the iconic character of the signs used – these features of modern communication in the Internet space seem to be new only in comparison with communication within the framework of the New European text. These features are quite applicable to the ancient city and to the medieval temple.

Conclusion. The author shows a strong similarity of the modern Internet precisely with an ancient city and a medieval temple, while the text of the Modernity differs from them, and that creates the “novelty” of the current situation. This does not diminish interest in modern practices of representation since their specificity does not necessarily have to be built through the position of innovation which was valuable in the culture of the Modernity.

Introduction. As a spatial art, architecture is related to the past, the present and, thanks to its monumentality, is fixed in the foreseeable future. As the history of the study of the categories of space and time in the history of philosophy and science shows us, it is possible to obtain significant results only in the process of their synthetic study. In contemporary studies on the philosophy of architecture we most often encounter close attention to the category of space, which is quite natural. However, the category of temporality is no less important for understanding the architectural heritage.

Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is historical, cultural, and semiotic analysis. The main approach is interdisciplinary. The sources used were philosophical  texts  related  to  the  problem  of  time  (P. P.  Gaidenko,  V. I.  Ukolova, A. Ya. Gurevich, A. N. Loy, K. N. Pavlyuts, V. N. Finogentov), theoretical works on architecture (A. V. Nekrasov, K. Nornberg-Schultz, N. A. Ladovsky, Z. Gidion, A. Rappoport), as well as materials in which architects reveal the essence and specifics of their professional activities (R. Bofill, D. Libeskind).

Results and discussion. In philosophy, temporality is understood as a collective concept that includes several components. The results of the study are the following conclusions: for the perception of architectural space, the temporal characteristics of both the object and the subject are important; the concept of historical memory contained in the heritage of architecture must be approached as carefully as possible; in temple architecture, through the stability of spatial solutions, the temporal characteristics of the object are preserved; at transitional moments of time, there is often a change in style and its temporal characteristics.

Conclusion. Along with the category of space, the category of time in architecture is essential, and should not be of secondary importance in the analysis, development, renovation or preservation of any buildings. The history of architecture shows us the depth and complexity of the category of temporality at different levels. It turns out to be promising to study this problem in an interdisciplinary approach, since it is no longer enough to research it only from the point of view of objectively real forms of existence of matter. There is a need to consider it from the point of view of philosophical and socio-cultural interpretation.

Introduction. The article examines modern psychological television series as one of the ways to satisfy the thirst for consumption and the desire to find meaning. The author considers the consumer society and the thirst for consumption as its integral characteristic and habit of a person in modern society. To analyze this phenomenon, the author turns to the works of philosophers, finding confirmation of their concepts in modern reality. The emphasis is on the fact that the objects of consumption are “objects” belonging to both material and spiritual culture, with the peculiarity that in the consumer choice itself there is no reflection as its basis. The subject of the research is the phenomenon of modern psychological TV-series.

Methodology and sources. To analyze the phenomenon of psychological television series in the context of modern mass and popular culture, the author uses the method of phenomenological analysis, the method of historical parallels, the value method, the dialectical method. The article uses an interdisciplinary and comparative approach. The author relies on the work of representatives of these philosophical trends – Karl Marx, Erich Fromm, Alvin Toffler, Jean Baudrillard, Victor Frankl and others.

Results and discussion. We can name many reasons why people can watch TV-series, for example, taking a break from routine, a desire to relax, this is a certain way of spending leisure time. Our goal was to analyze TV-series as a phenomenon of a consumer society, and the situation when watching the series is a goal in itself and a kind of escapism, a way to escape from reality and filling your time. The task was to identify the natural and social reasons for the popularity of modern psychological series.

Conclusion. As a result of the analysis, the author concluded that modern high-quality television series perform a triune task. On the one hand, they captivate the plot and allow you to relax and relieve stress, avoiding strong concentration. On the other hand, they involve a claim to be intelligent. And the third point – they distract from routine and everyday life while eliminating the need for a daily choice of a way of spending leisure time. TV-series are a product of the consumer society, and therefore the prerequisite for reflection contained in them is far from always being realized. As a result, the series itself becomes for a person just another way to spend their own time and fill the inner emptiness.

Introduction. Large-scale reforms in the system of domestic school education in recent years have led to an increase in the importance of the role of parents as subjects of educational policy. The modern school, responding to the changes that have taken place in the interaction of the family and the educational institution, has begun to actively address research requests to parents in order to clarify their views on various aspects of the work of the school and the study of children. The purpose of the paper, therefore, is to illustrate examples of research requests from schools inSt Petersburg with a description of the factors of choosing an educational institution by parents, their awareness of various aspects of a child's life, assessing the size of the study load and student's attitude to school. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the content of the tools used, the peculiarities of constructing the sample used in data collection, as well as the duration of the study.

Methodology and sources. The empirical basis of the study is the results of long-term surveys of parents of schoolchildren in grades 4, 9, 11 from 73 schools inSt Petersburg. Surveys were carried out between 2013 and 2019, according to the same methodology and tools for educational institutions. The total data set includes 4278 respondents. The selection of schools for the survey was carried out at random each year of the study. Correctional schools of various profiles were excluded from the sample.

Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that the closeness of the school to home and a strong teaching staff are the most significant factors that play a decisive role in choosing a school, according to the parents’ opinion. Almost half of the respondents do not express their feelings about the size of the school load, considering it optimal. Only 10.8 % of parents consider the current school load to be excessively high. More than 20.0 % of parents do not have sufficient information about the child's relationship with teachers, the same number are poorly informed about his or her friends and acquaintances.

Conclusion. With all the variety of problems that arise today in the relationship between the school and parents, the study nevertheless recorded a positive tone of parental responses, who  are  mostly  satisfied  with  the  choice  of school,  teachers,  the  existing psychological climate, etc. Parents who took part in surveys, revealing the point of view of students, they report that children go to school more often with interest and joy, they have many friends there, and in the family, they tell more good things about their educational institution than vice versa.

Introduction. The paper discusses E. Fromm's ideas about human mental health, his social needs and society, which promotes and at the same time prevents the maximum disclosure of a person's potential in accordance with his or her nature. In contrast to sociological relativism, Fromm substantiates the position of normative humanism, according to which, when examining a person's paths to happiness, one should analyze, first of all, the mental health of society, and not a person, consider how a particular social system contributes to the productive solution of the problems facing a person. The purpose of the paper is to assess the degree of relevance of Fromm's ideas about a healthy society in2020 in accordance with the realities of our time. Scientific novelty is determined by the small number of similar studies in contemporary Russian sociology.

Methodology and sources. The paper uses the approach of normative humanism proposed by Fromm. Psychoanalysis, socio-psychological traditions of behaviorism and cognitivism are also used.

Results and discussion. A human, according to Fromm, has a dual nature: he or her is no longer an animal, and even for full mental health, and even more so, for feelings of selfrealization and happiness, it is not enough for him or her to just satisfy biological needs, following instincts. Having lost harmony with nature and at the same time remaining a part of it, having received reason and awareness of his or her own life, he or she at the same time acquires the need to resolve the contradictions of the existence. They express basic social needs that can be addressed in a more or less productive way: involvement as opposed to narcissism, overcoming and creativity as opposed to destructiveness, rootedness and brotherhood as opposed to incest, a sense of identity and individuality as opposed to herd conformism, the need for an orientation system: reason versus irrationality. In modern Fromm's Western society, market capitalism is increasingly penetrating into everyday relations between people, forming orientations towards an unproductive solution to the problem of human existence. In modern society, this trend continues unabated, making Fromm's conclusions and recommendations no less relevant than a few decades ago.

Conclusion. Due to the widespread use of the Internet and social networks, the development of mass social movements with radical views on everyday life, strengthening the aggressive manner of communication, the preservation of pre-existing contradictions between representatives of national and other groups, modern society contributes to maintaining a “market” approach to human relations. Under such conditions, the disclosure of a person's potential in accordance with his or her nature is difficult, nevertheless, everyone has the opportunity, critically referring to social stereotypes, and mastering the art of thinking really rationally, to strive for happiness.

Introduction. The proposed paper discusses communication situations of mutual misunderstanding up to mutual rejection of each other by the parties. The research assumption is that misunderstanding in human communication is not necessarily accompanied by its overcoming. “Miscommunication communication” forms a communicative space that reveals the diversity of practices of personal self-realization, intergroup and intercultural interaction, while retaining the perception of the other side as incomprehensible.

Methodology and sources. The methodological framework for analysis is a social constructionalist approach to the study of social reality, offering a conceptualization of the practical and observable actions of individuals or, in other words, “what people do when they act”. According to pragmatically oriented methodology, we cannot make an exhaustive conclusion about the internal reasons that motivate people to act in one way or another, but we can consider linguistic and non-linguistic actions that are perceived and interpreted by them as having a certain meaning and, therefore, trigger a certain response. The meanings that communicators give to a message are not pre-defined, but are created, produced, and constructed in a communicative interaction through contextspecific discursive procedures and practices, while also triggering specific socially recognizable types of contexts.

Results and discussion. The variant of classification of various types of cognitive and communicative experience acquired by people in situations of misunderstanding is offered. Empirical data are the records of interviews, conversations, and comments that are at our possession. The basis for distinguishing between communicative scenarios of misunderstanding is the values in the range of “expanding one's own experience” ↔ “isolation from others' experience”. The structure of description of the selected situations includes: communicative status of the participant; verbal formulas that determine the choice of vector by the participants of the communication; characteristics of cognitive and communicative experience generated by a situation of misunderstanding; examples and illustrations containing replicas, comments, description of life situations of collision with misunderstanding, corresponding to a specific communicative scenario.

Conclusion. Situations of misunderstanding are developed in scenarios that provide their participants with the resources to cope with the threat of risk to their personal or group (cultural) identity. The range of cognitive and communicative practices ranges from recognizing the value of cultural (social) diversity for social and personal development to discriminating against others, including violence and the exclusion of the incomprehensible from interaction. Discussion of the issue of “understanding misunderstanding” makes it possible to fit misunderstanding into the social fabric  of human behavior practices as a vital resource for any social community.

Introduction. Nowadays medical online services are evolving rapidly and become more and more popular. Telemedicine is developed as a part of the Russian government program “The medical system 4P”. However, doctor-patient online communication has rarely been the subject of research in modern sociology. Nevertheless, online-services are valuable resource for researchers to study and analyze information that is difficult to obtain in other ways.

Methodology and sources. The paper is devoted to the research of doctor-patient discursive practices on the internet medical advice forums by the example of “Health.mail.ru”. The general method  of  research  is  critical  discourse  analysis,  based  on the theory and methodology of N. Fairclough, which gives an opportunity to make suggestions about  social practices using text analysis  and  discursive practices analysis. A non-reactive strategy was used in the empirical research. During the research 28 800 messages, which include 14 400 messages from patients and 14 400 messages from doctors, were analyzed. Data analysis was performed in the “R” program.

Results and discussion. As a result, some assumptions about social practices and discursive practices on the online forum were formulated. The main patient’s goal on online forums is avoiding face-to-face interaction with doctors in a hospital. One of doctor’s goals is promoting their services. Interaction is carried out in a form of request from the patient and expert assessment from the doctor in response. Usually, patients send their messages anonymously. Doctors, by contrast, emphasize their identity. It helps them to maintain their image and to legitimate their expertise. Doctor’s and patient’s discourses are using special medical terminology, and they are not interpreting it. It demands from the patients being experts.

Conclusion. Online communication is a new type of doctor-patient communication, which is more democratic, more complementary and more impersonal than face-to-face communication. Usually doctor-patient online communication on the internet medical advice forums does not involve thorough analysis of individual patient’s situation and maintaining sustainable interpersonal relationships.

Introduction. The article analyses the vowel-consonant ratio as one of the most important criteria of phonetic typology in the world languages. Scientific relevance of the research is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of grammar and phonetics in typologically, genetically and historically different languages.

Methodology and sources. Certain language is determined by vocalic ratio – a concept introduced to identify the vowels-consonant relation and measured  through  vk = V/C. Thus, all the languages can be either vocalic (vk > 1.3), consonantal (vk < 0.7) or mixed (0.7 > vk > 1.3). The article concerns the ideas by Ferdinand de Saussure (Indo-European root’s structure) and Aleksander V. Isachenko (phonetic typology).

Results and discussion. The author conducts a comparative analysis of phonological systems and phonetic analysis of text fragments in several languages of different families and different historical periods: Gothic, old English, old Icelandic, English, Danish, French, and Finnish. The research reveals how the language’s structure matches its vowel-consonant ratio, i. e. disclose a link between its phonetic and morphology-syntactic classifications.

Conclusion. The research has proved the fact that analytic trends in phonemes, on the one hand, depend on the vowel-consonant distribution in the language and speech, and on historically determined difference between the phonemes’ function – on the other. Inevitably, too, the language’s evolution from inflectional-synthetic to analytic or agglutinative (analytic-agglutinative) type affects all language levels, including the phonetic one. Consonants are stronger and almost resistible  to  changes;  they  function  to distinguish the sense, making relative words so similar. The development of vowel system triggers the development of analytic functions, which are bound to impact the language system. Increasing number of vowels, emerging diphthongs and triphthongs are the result of analytic abilities of the language.

Introduction. The present article is aiming to describe the procedure of stimuli selection for the psycho-semantic experiment on visual perception of imitative words in native (Russian) and non-native language (English). The methodology of the experiment is predominantly based on the implementation of the “lexical decision” method. Thus, the aim of the article is to verify the procedure of and to define clear-cut criteria for the material selection. In particular, we introduce indicating de-iconization stage of imitative words as an important criterion for data pre-selection. De-iconization is a gradual loss of an iconic sound-sense link in an imitative word due to the parallel impact of regular sound changes and semantic shifts.

Methodology and sources. The  research  methodology  is  based  on  the  works  of

S. V. Voronin who is the founder of phonosemantics as a linguistic discipline inRussia, as well as on works of his followers (including a co-author of this paper, M. A. Flaksman). The article is also based on the methodology of research on phonotactics. The authors also use psycho-semantic methods such as the method of lexical decision. The main sources of stimuli selection are The Russia Etymological Dictionary by M. Vasmer, The Oxford English Dictionary, the frequency dictionaries by O. N. Liashevskaya and S. A. Sharov. The classification of imitative words according to their de-iconization stages was done by the method of the diachronic evaluation of the imitative lexicon.

Results and discussion. As a result of a rigorous selection procedure described in the article the authors arrived on 128 stimuli (an even number (64 + 64) of words and quasiwords). The quasi-words are coined according to phonotactic rules and made according to the same pattern as the corresponding words. The group of real words is constituted of two sub-groups: 32 imitative words and 32 non-imitative words. The words from these two subgroups are homomorphous – they have the same number of syllables, frequency and belong to the same parts of speech. Imitative words include onomatopoeic and soundsymbolic words of different sub-classes and de-iconization stages. The combination of the material selection methods discussed in this paper (especially, the introduction of the distinction of imitative words according to their de-iconization stage) is aiming at facilitating the experiment procedure as well as eliminating the chance factors.

Conclusion. The stimuli selection for the psycholinguistic experiment based on the procedure introduced in this paper allows to establish the existing patterns of the systematic function of human brain in the process of visual perception of imitative words on different de-iconization stages.

Introduction. The paper reviews features of the French language policy inFrance,Belguim,Canada, andSwitzerland. The novelty of the study is implied by the fact that features of the language policy are analyzed with previously unknown circumstances taken into account: the circumstances that allow French to be seen as a pluricentric language. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity of observing the sociopolitical space of language functioning, as well as the importance of both analyzing the dynamics of pluricentric languages spreading and identifying mechanisms of using a single language for either uniting disparate nations or countries manipulating.

Methodology and sources. The method of the study is a comprehensive approach with a number of linguistic and social variables correlations. The study was conducted using official websites of Organisation international dela Francophonie describing official bodies and institutions responsible for language policy implementation, as well as articles of various publications (Le soir, The Guardian, Ethnologies), devoted to the discussion of French norm regulation problems as the material of the study.

Results and discussion. The main result of the study is a review of the status of French as a pluricentric language worldwide, particularly in countries considered to be centres of French variants development and having French as an official language. Main features of a pluricentric language, as well as the factors that turn a monocentric language into a pluricentric one (through the example of French) are looked at. The actions taken by the Organisation internationale dela Francophonie and aimed at the strengthening of relations between French-speaking countries and the promoting of the French language worldwide are described. The study also illustrates the dependence of peripheral language centres fromFrance. An emphasis is put on the politics of the Académie Française aimed at the French language unification in all the countries having it as an official language. An assumption on the reasons of different deviation extent of French variants inCanada,Belgium, andSwitzerland from Standard French is made.

Conclusion. It is impossible to consider language to be an independent and isolated phenomenon as it exists and evolves within society serving its needs. Institutions pursuing a language policy are in position to affect its development directly, yet in the context of pluricentric languages it is insufficient to have a single centre of linguistic regulation. Local institutions may have a policy that runs contrary to the language policy of the centre. Gender reforms can also become a new wave of linguistic changes leading to further distancing of different language variants.

Introduction. The aim of the article is to determine whether syntactic behavior of linguistic unit depends on its part-of-speech identity or only its semantics. The importance of the research is determined by the absence of systematic description of the specificity of cognate words functioning in linguistics.

Methodology and sources. The research deals with the cognate nouns and adjectives functioning. According to the classification of semantic types of predicates developed by A. G. Eliseeva, O. N. Seliverstova we define the researched predicates as the ones denoting state. These predicates are studied in terms of case grammar, i. e. they are compared in the aspect of an argument structure realization. In determining the semantic cases of predicates, we mainly rely on the set of semantic cases proposed by V. V. Bogdanov.

Results and discussion. It is shown that the analyzed nouns, as a rule, expressing given or known information require a lower number of cases in its explicit forms which still can be implicit. The researched adjectives that usually denote new information are accompanied by a higher number of cases in a surface structure. These predicates also differ in the forms of their arguments.

Conclusion. The revealed features of cognate nouns and adjectives functioning show the significant influence of the form of linguistic unit on syntactic behavior and indicate that formation of syntactic structures is not only determined by semantics.