Introduction. The aim of the article is to show medicine as a multifaceted science influenced by social and cultural aspects that determine its structure and national features.

Materials and methods. Historical, fiction and intellectual proses are chosen instruments of historical and literary discourses which determine its social and cultural aspects. The pathographic features of a medical discourse are taken from numerous examples of medical practices described in the fiction and scientific literature.

Results. By focusing on the doctrine of double effect this study aims to show the historical path of Russian state medicine formation since the XVI century and understand it by modern approaches of the contemporary science, biomedical ethics.

Discussion. One of the tasks is to show why modern medicine has such distinctive aspects and why Russian people demonstrate a specific attitude towards medicine and doctors. The special attention dedicated to one of the most popular Russian historical figures, Peter the Great, who had many skills and professions. The article shows him not only as a monarch, but also as a person with a keen interest in practical and experimental medicine, so he can be called an anatomist, surgeon, physician, dentist and intelligent collector.

Conclusion. The work analyzes social and cultural aspects which influenced the state medicine formation according to Peter I vision.

Introduction. The modern western socio-cultural space differs from the preceding historical eras by the absence of institutionalized practices of catharsis. This creates difficulties for representatives of contemporary culture, since the question of suffering becomes more acute in the absence of relevant purification practices. Thereby the study of catharsis models that existed in the cultural tradition of Europe is particularly important.

Materials and methods. The present work methodology is based on the accepted in philosophy of culture analysis methods of primary sources and research literature.

Results. The catharsis is understood as a temporary purification of a subject from the suffering through the specific experience of deliverance from the self. The self carries within negativity and illiberality, and also produces a large amount of suffering which man endures throughout life. The author distinguishes in terms of Nietzsche's philosophy the Dionysian and the Apollonian catharsis techniques. The Dionysian model implies the overcoming of the self and its further unity with the totality of being by means of an irrational act of ecstasy. On the contrary, the Apollonian catharsis technique is related to an austerity and concentration. It implies the development of contemplation powers in order to stop the spontaneous mind activity and “to mortify” the self afterwards. The catharsis practices are examined on the examples of ancient mysteries, Neoplatonism and hesychasm.

Discussion. The result of the research is the distinction between two models of catharsis in the cultural tradition of Europe.

Conclusion. Methodologically opposite models of catharsis are similar in their goal, which is the attaining of non-duality manifested through the absence of separation between the subject and the object after the deliverance from the self. The author considers this experience as the ultimate for human existence and calls it the “anthropological maximum”.

Introduction. The correctness of “film language” concept as the most common designation of specific cinematographic techniques is questioned since it caused the formation of typical audience responses to a film.

Materials and methods. The work proposes to define three basic meanings of the “film language” concept and trace their formation on the basis of classical and modern film theory.

Results. The main approaches of the film theory focus on an analogies search between cinema and language (linguistic, semiotic). The example of their basic assertions criticism on the basis of a modern Anglo-American film philosophy is given, thus resulting in the conclusion of their theoretical inadequacy.

Discussion. Possible directions of film theory movement beyond language analogies are outlined. It is proposed to note the film techniques that in principle do not have the designation function. An example of the minimum cinematic elements related to the audio-visual field of the cinema itself is provided. The thesis on changing the typical audience viewing responses from an interpretive “understanding” to a sensual “encounter” is proposed for further discussion.

Conclusion. It is necessary to continue the theoretical work which refuses linguistic analogies and interpretive position of theorist and viewer and makes movement towards a conversation on the autonomous existence mode of cinematography possible.

Introduction. Digitalization is widely discussed as a global trend of modern times in a media agenda and experts debates. Digital technologies, such as communication, computing and management technologies, have already changed the modes of interaction of one individual with another individual, family, and inner circle, as well as with corporations and the state, in the context of globalization. The social consequences analysis of their distribution should be supplemented by the conditions analysis of their emergence and development.

Materials and methods. The data of the Russian Public Opinion Research Center, research by the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the National Research University Higher School of Economics, and others, are used in the work. The study results of social representations in modern psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology are considered. The comparative historical method, structural-functional analysis, and typological approach are applied in the present work.

Results. Typological concepts constructed by sociologists and a built-in hierarchy of problems significance provide social change interpretation schemes and turn into social representations. Spreading a kind of technocratic belief in a collective consciousness indicates the loss of heuristic potential concepts by a post-industrial, information society. This is especially true for the new version of society – the digital society. Sociological arsenal has ideal-typical constructions, whose cultural significance increases sharply. Civil society is a typological concept that focuses on the study of social forces and specific historical conditions which choose the direction of technological progress by supporting some and blocking other scientific and technological developments.

Discussion. Technocracy is considered as an analytical perspective and a world view attributed to modern social representations. Changes in the structural-functional and content-morphological characteristics of social representations are studied. Digitalization is correlated with the typological concepts of the post-industrial and information society. Special attention is dedicated to the historical nature of sociological typological concepts.

Conclusion. The article attempts to justify the design relevance of the typological concept "civil society" for understanding social alternatives and high technologies role in their implementation.

Introduction. The work considers formation possibilities of the present educational process for Russian students to provide the future digital economy with staff.

Materials and methods. The frame analysis “institutional socialization of students” is the author’s cognitive strategy that functionally integrates interconnected slots of the social process: the state, an educational institution, a student, and serves as a basis for a sociological study of the problem.

Results. Developments and recommendations are based on data analysis of a comprehensive empirical study of macro-, meso- and micro-levels of students social and professional development system in higher education. The construction of educational, social and scientific activities of students is proposed to be based on the idea of academic student groups structural and functional mobility by means of the author's social technology “Group Development Wheel”. Development of students personalities is associated with the development of a self-governing educational group in the project format of professional training at a higher education institution.

Discussion. The advisability of strengthening the social design direction of future specialists by using the resources of art and sociology through the mechanism of educational process diffusion is also explained.

Conclusion. The development of a human capital in education is the key to a society successful position at the digital level, both for the education system and for an individual.

Introduction. Mongolia has participated in international peacekeeping processes since 2003 and for 10 years the number of peacekeepers has steadily increased despite the annual tightening security measures and admission checks of military personnel to peacekeeping missions.

Materials and methods. The article considers Mongolian peacekeepers, assesses and compares their peacekeeping activities, improvement of their living conditions after the missions completion, and their further successes in military structures. The public opinion of Mongolian citizens on the participation of military personnel in UN peacekeeping missions is studied.

Results. The study of public opinion examines issues related to the citizens positive and negative attitudes towards conducting a peacekeeping missions with the participation of Mongolian soldiers, influence of the public opinion on the general public, risk issues faced by Mongolian peacekeepers during their missions, as well as the comparison of the assessment of citizens and the military personnel themselves about the peacekeeping activity.

Discussion. The study shows that the citizens and the military personnel evaluate this activity positively, although there are some negative attitudes associated with risks, the quality of training of military personnel, climatic conditions and family relationships.

Conclusion. The mass media in the modern world has a great influence on the peacekeeping activity results. It spreads positive information not only to military personnel, but also to citizens, thus allowing to form not so negative attitude to peacekeeping activity. The mass media helps military personnel and their families to perceive this activity positively, and it depends on the reliability of information and news about peacekeeping activities. Recommendations on risk optimizations are made.

Introduction. The mechanisms influence of the political processes on the world economics and the role of the states as the components of the political order in these processes are analyzed. Is there any irresistible antagonism between such notions as «market» and «state»?

Materials and methods. The sociological analysis of the processes in the market formation in the context of the great representative’s works of the modern sociological and economical thought such as F. Blok, J. Coleman, N. Fligstein, K. Polany, Ch. Mills, I. Vallerstein is used.

Results. The factor of the negative state influence on the regulation of the economical processes is rather often indicated in the Russian and foreign scientific practice. But the sociological analysis in this work shows that there is a great number of ways in the positive participation of the state structures in the formation of the social institutes including markets.

Discussion. Under the definition accepted in modern sociology" subject of economic activity" includes both individuals, and large economic entities. They can be both physical and legal persons including the State. From the point of view of the classical sociological approach the State in relation to the economy always acts as an external force and its role is reduced mainly to the creation of favorable conditions for business which is nothing but interference in economic life.

Conclusion. Consequently, in the structure of the modern capitalist world there is no insuperable antagonism between such concepts as the market and the State, in the process of forming a new world order they as the most important political institutions closely interact with each other and exert corresponding influence on each other.

Introduction. Introduction explores the political interview genre, which is an efficient way of affecting the audience as well as a tool of forming public opinion. Key strategies of political interview namely persuasive and evasive ones are given. Basic tactics helping in carrying out these strategies in political interview are outlined.

Materials and methods. Materials and methods are explored in a corresponding paragraph of the paper. D. Trump, H. Clinton and E. Macron interviews transcripts in the English language are used as material for the research. Transcripts are studied within the frame of conceptual integration theory (cognitive metaphor and mental spaces study) and discourse analysis (linguistic and extra linguistic discourse features investigation).

Results. Results of the research represent specific examples of studying persuasive and evasive strategies revealing corresponding tactics while drawing conceptual integration schemes (for persuasive strategy) and examining particular phrases from the interview taking into account political and social context (for evasive strategy).

Discussion. Discussion is devoted to summarizing the investigation and reviewing the results. Among the persuasive tactics Ettiketirung and discreditation tactics prevail in the material studied. The most popular evasive tactics are mitigation, generalization, compliance with the journalist, admission of guilt. Cognitive metaphor is an effective way of implementing persuasive strategy while it is used rarely in carrying out evasive strategy. As far as psychological image of the politicians is concerned, H. Clinton and D. Trump tend to be using persuasive strategy, whereas E. Macron prefers to be evasive. Also, the French President often implements stable emotional state strategy.

Conclusion. Conclusion contemplates the outlook of the research given. Further studying of persuasive, evasive and other discursive strategies is planned based on political interviews and political discourse in general.

Introduction. Against the torrential flow of Anglicisms into Russian, as well as many other languages, the present paper aims at considering the possible reasons behind introducing loans from Russian into English-language literature.

Materials and methods. The research encompasses authentic English-language literary works in the historical, dystopia and fantasy genres, featuring Russisms. The analysis algorithm includes (1) identification of the Russisms, which can be introduced via a scope of techniques varying in transparency, and (2) identifying their stylistic function in the literary text.

Results. All three of the genres under study feature Russian loans, yet, there are considerable differences as to the effects pursued. (1) In historical novels Russisms are employed to help construct a veritable culturally specific environment, yet absolute accuracy of description is not required. (2) In dystopias elements of the Russian language are used in a particular ideological function, resulting in the effect of negativisation. (3) In fantasy the primary function of Russisms is that of exotisation.

Discussion. The undertaken study allows to raise and answer two kinds of questions: (1) Why-question, or why would a writer risk the text intelligibility opting for the language heterogeneity;(2) How-question, or how accurately do the writers reproduce elements of the Russian linguaculture.

Conclusion. The research allows to show the unique relations established between the Russian and English linguocultures, which are reflected in literature. The genre shift also indicates a change in the overall perception of Russian which seems to be losing its ideological charge.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the study of imitative (onomatopoeic and mimetic) lexicon of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf. The poem is, probably, the most well-known work of Anglo-Saxon literature, characterized by its archaic language as well by its expressivity. The study focuses on quantitative and contextual analysis of the imitative words found in the poem from diachronic perspective.

Materials and methods. Methods for the research include the method of continuous sampling, etymological analysis, historical-comparative analysis, elements of quantitative analysis, and the method of phonosemantic analysis. The study is conducted on the material of the full unabridged version of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf written in Old English.

Results. The results have revealed that all imitative words in the poem can be divided into three major semantic categories: 1) words denoting sounds of battle; 2) words denoting grief; 3) words denoting singing and playing musical instruments. There are altogether 43 imitative words identified in Beowulf, used 134 times. The calculations have shown that only 15 (or 35 %) out of them have been preserved since Old English.

Discussion. We suggest the following reasons for the possible obsolesce of the Old English imitative words: 1) their replacement by the French loans, 2) their belonging to poetic language and subsequent fall out of use, 3) their replacement by other, newly-coined English imitative words. The last argument we deem as the most probable. The iconic treadmill hypothesis introduced earlier explains that the mass obsolesce of the Beowulf’s imitative words might have been caused by natural, evolutionary processes – regular sense and meaning development leading to the expressivity loss and overall de-iconization of the language’s imitative lexicon.

Conclusions. The study of the poem demonstrated the diversity and dynamic nature of the English imitative lexicon as well as revealed the underlying tendency of imitative words’ de-iconization and replacement on the later stages of the language’s development.

Introduction. This article is dedicated to the review of foundation and development of phonosemantics, which is known to be quite a young field of linguistics. The background and reasons for the foundation of iconic words research are analyzed, as well as current issues of this field, including the potential of its interaction with other sciences.

Materials and Methods. The works of linguists, dediated to this issue, have been used as the research material. They have been analyzed in order to draw out peculiarities and the key phases in the formation of phonosemantics. The aim of the analysis comprises the creation of a general overview of the historical development of phonosemantics. In addition to analysis, another method used in the research implies description.

Results. The results of the research work comprise the presentation of phonosemantics foundation and development, its main ideas and research direction. The work also states the perspectives of language iconicity studies as a separate scientific field, as well as in collaboration with other branches of linguistic studies.

Discussion. All in all it is worth mentioning that modern phonosemantic research offers a major degree of theoretical studies, which can be considered as a problematic field due to lack of empirical research.

Conclusion. It should be underlined that phonosemantics has a great research potential, not only as a general scientific field, but also as a major interdisciplinary research field.