Introduction. This article focuses on the specifics of the arguments from ignorance and arguments from silence. The relevance of the work is due to the growing interest of the scientific community in modeling of defeasible (presumptive) reasoning and verification of their validity.

Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the work is based on the dialectical approach of D. Walton, who proposed a corpus of argumentation schemes for presumptive arguments and a methodology for testing their validity using critical questions. To test the validity of arguments from ignorance and silence, we propose the concept of epistemic burden, the proper fulfillment of which is a necessary condition for the validity of these arguments.

Results and discussion. The result of the research is the development of corpuses of critical questions for two schemes of argumentation: the argument for ignorance and the argument from silence, which include questions to check the fulfillment of the epistemic burden by the proponent or information source. The methodology for verifying arguments using the proposed critical questions is analyzed using examples.

Conclusion. The difference between the two types of reasoning is that in the argument from ignorance, the epistemic burden is placed on the discussion participants (panelists), and in the argument from silence it is placed on the source of the information.

Introduction. Forecasting in social philosophy is aimed at anticipating and forming a conceptual image of the future society. The methodological basis for constructing a development scheme for achieving the desired state of the social system is ideological and cultural-historical paradigms. A philosophical analysis of the historical process, despite all its diversity, allows us to identify fundamental determinants that are used for geopolitical shifts in the world. The unification of the nature of the interaction algorithms does not mean the exclusion of national interests and the levelling of the civilizational characteristics of the actors. The main goal is formulated in the context of the need to reach a compromise acceptable to all parties in the face of competition in the geopolitical space. In a situation of confrontation, attitudes aimed at one-sided gain will inevitably adjust the parameters of social forecast on the part of the actors who are regarded as the object of such influence.

Methodology and sources. As a methodological basis for work, the authors use the philosophical methodology of comparative analysis on the material of worldview and political narratives in geopolitical scenarios, which are basic for the conceptual substantiation of ways to achieve specific political goals. The article analyzes the paradigm of civilisational globalisation and expert-prognostic recommendations substantiating influence mechanisms for the implementation of tasks aimed at isolation of social systems whose values, from the point of view of the Western political elite, are incompatible with liberalism.

Results and discussion. The article examines the features of social forecasting, which are determined by the availability of an objective resource base for the implementation of the intended goals and the mechanism for making political decisions. Due to the large number of variables in society that affect the dynamics of its development, the presence of a subjective factor makes it possible to realize the variability of its development. Competition of the geopolitical interests of the main actors in the historical process increases the range of uncertainty in the ways and mechanisms for achieving the set goals. The subjects of political control determine the specifics of the formation of an adequate response in response to the doctrine of unipolar strategic domination. The mobilization of economic and political resources allows maintaining civilizations identity in opposition to expansionary geopolitical strategies.

Conclusion. In the real world, liberal values do not have the status of general universality. Theoretical and methodological principles in the formation of social prognosis become the most important link in modern conditions. In the sphere of geopolitics, Russia should position itself as a humanitarian-oriented political force, ensuring the preservation of traditions and the identity of all peoples. This would help to create a platform for uniting social movements advocating similar world view positions in the political struggle.

Introduction. The article examines the concepts of time and space set forth in the works of M. Foucault, reveals their nature and Genesis. An analysis of the space-time continuum of historical retrospect in Foucault’s epistemological configurations is proposed. The interpretation of the French philosopher’s ideas is carried out in the vector of anthropological discourse. The article is free from nuance in the presentation of the revealed issues, which is the result of the specification of Foucault’s texts. The purpose of this article is to analyze the space-time continuum in the original interpretation of the famous French philosopher. The need for analysis is caused by the lack of domestic developments in space-time problems in the philosophical legacy of Foucault, who stood at the origins of post-non-classical knowledge and had a significant impact on the formation of the postmodern paradigm of space-time continuum analysis.

Methodology and sources. The review of Foucault’s views on space-time is based on the author’s concept of the unity of man and the space-time continuum. We proceeded from the need for a human dimension of space-time, as well as from the fact that time-space is considered as an anthropological phenomenon. Our approach is based on the fact that the perception of the space-time continuum correlates with human changes. Time-space in Foucault’s epistemological configurations is analyzed in accordance with the initial ideas of the grounded concept.

Results and discussion. The discourse of human dimensional space-time and its anthropological nature allows us to present Foucault’s views in a contradictory integrity and incorporate into it the often mutually exclusive messages that the philosopher formulated. The anthropological foundations of Analytics allow us to state the originality in the formulation of the time-space problem in Foucault’s cognitive models.

Conclusion. The anthropological nature in the dimension of space-time Foucault was one of the foundations of anthropological approaches to the analysis of the space-time continuum in postnonclassical the evolution of French structuralism and post-modernist paradigm as a whole (Deleuze, Derrida, etc.).

Introduction. The upcoming digitalization is perceived and understood differently by students of technology faculties. This becomes more obvious in the context of pandemic, when the older generation often assesses this offensive negatively, and the technical students – with understanding, and often with enthusiasm.  What are the advantages and problems with the emergence of digitalization in the social space of society in the eyes of young people focused on technical education? To what extent are the advantages and benefits of digitalization understood in a professional and social sense? What is the depth of the contradictions and the unity of social and professional awareness of digitalization? – the answer to this question, as the main goal of the study, is discussed in the presented article.

Methodology and sources. The research methodology is formed on the basis on a set of studies. They are devoted to the study practices of the social formation relations among students, molded on social networks, mobile devices and the Internet. It is obvious that society is faced with revolutionary changes of an epochal order, the direction and nature of which is poorly consistent with some methodological principles, theories and concepts that have developed. Therefore, the methodological attitudes of researchers are represented by a multi-paradigm approach. These changed circumstances also predetermined the strategy and methodologies of the pilot empirical study, which can be defined as qualitative.

Results and discussion. The results of the study show the existence of contradictions between the actual involvement of technical students in digitalization, on the one hand, and the lag in understanding the social contexts and social meanings of digitalization in the life of society, on the other. Empirical results confirm that in practical terms, students are included in digitalization. They are well expanding the range of professions related to IT technologies, new professional groups are emerging, professional differences in the features of the activities of engineers who worked in earlier periods in comparison with the activities of modern engineers due to digitalization are outlined. However, the awareness of the impact of digitalization on social processes and social stratification, the emergence of new forms of social inequality, and the general understanding of society as digital is formed with some delay.

Conclusion. The results of the study show the ambiguity of the perception of digitalization by engineering students. The real dynamics of the digitalization process is ahead of social perception and awareness of the realities of the development of modern Russian society. Students are more clearly aware of and positively assessed the technical and technological advantages of digitalization, while the social consequences of digitalization are assessed somewhat passively and according to a limited range of problems. The awareness of the onset of digitalization in the student environment does not reflect the totality of the reality of the numerous social aspects of digitalization.

Introduction. One of the dangerous trends in the spiritual state of modern society is the predominant orientation of its most active and young part towards a simplified mythological attitude towards the surrounding world as a set of external conditions that exist regardless of the creative transformative activity of a person. The article examines the manifestations of mental ill health in the aspect of the individualistic and consumer attitude to life in a young person to life. In the scientific and philosophical literature, the high role of the personal myth is noted as a kind of psychological mechanism, thanks to which consciousness works in the correct way. At the same time, mass myths, which include, in particular, the myth of social success, people easily use to their detriment. In addition, as a characteristic of mythological consciousness, scientists note the phenomenon of hypostasis as attribution of independent existence to abstract concepts, as well as their sacralization. The scientific novelty of the article is due to the attention to the indicated manifestations of mythological consciousness as evidence of the mental illness of a modern person.

Methodology and sources. This article, in line with the sociology of culture and spiritual life, analyzes the manifestations of a person’s mythological consciousness as alarming symptoms of a mass society, indicating a distortion of the cultural norm and deviation in the development of society. The article analyzes the results of an Internet survey conducted among junior students of St. Petersburg universities in order to determine the guidelines of their social behavior. The Internet survey was conducted using the Survio platform, and 127 respondents took part in it. The study was of a pilot nature, it was conducted on a sample population. The representativeness of the sample is ensured by such parameters as the age and occupation of the respondents.

Results and discussion. The majority of respondents (61,4 %) preferred the myth of personal success as the most interesting for themselves and those around them, and concepts such as human rights, image and success in the minds of most respondents are hypostatized, that is, they are perceived as external conditions for a prosperous life. Only 7,1 % of the respondents are characterized by a personal understanding of these concepts in terms of guidelines for their personal social behavior. The concept of subjective creativity for the majority of respondents (83,6 %) is sacralized, and it does not allow the slightest restriction of their freedom.

Conclusion. The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that the social behavior of modern youth is largely determined by its adherence to modern mass myths, orienting towards a consumer attitude towards the world, ignoring the need for joint active participation in its creation, towards individualistically understood creative freedom. Such social behavior is one of the signs of mental illness, fraught with a decrease in a person's sense of social responsibility and leading to harmful consequences for society.

Introduction. This article presents the sociological monitoring results of the official public authorities’ accounts effectiveness. The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in 2020 forced most businesses and organizations to move their activities online. For organizations working with different public groups, representation in the digital space is an urgent need. Since in the current conditions the ability to quickly reconstruct the formats of communication activity has become crucial, social networks turn out to be a key business resource. At the same time it is obvious that government agencies, which under normal circumstances are more reactive than commercial structures and NGOs, have not shown the same effectiveness in internet communications. The authors set a research task is to collect information about the activities of federal and regional bodies responsible for the development and management of the tourism industry in official representations in the online space. The tourist sector was chosen for the research as the most affected by the pandemic, on the one hand, and as a driver of the economy in a situation of general crisis, on the other hand.

Methodology and sources. The methodological framework of the study is the structural-functional approach. The subject of the analysis is the communication activity of official accounts of the authorities involved in the regulation of the tourism industry in the capital and regions in the social network “Vkontakte” (as the most popular in Russia). We analyzed 249 publications by 15 online activity parameters in 11 groups of subjects the Russian Federation for two weeks of 2020.

Results and discussion. Monitoring of official accounts showed a significant variation in the number of subscribers – from several hundred to tens of thousands. Two accounts had no content at all during the survey periods. The remaining groups did not have a unified approach to publication activity, namely different degrees of frequency of publications, as well as different formats of presenting material. According to the quantitative characteristics and the degree of audience engagement, the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Archives of the Republic of Komi is the most active group, the account of the Federal Agency for Tourism (Rostourism) is the most active by the quality of preparation and presentation content, the virality of posts (and by a high degree of negative feedback). A summary table of the data is given in the publication.

Conclusion. The study has shown that the current situation with the pandemic has had a significant impact on the communication activity of the studied administrative structures. A number of organizations, even which initially had a large audience of subscribers, either did not update their content or did so irregularly. The organizations that do not take into account the interests of the audience and demonstrate a formal approach to the maintenance of pages were identified. Thus, it can be argued that such an important communication resource as social networks is used ineffectively by the majority of administrative bodies in the sphere of tourism management.

Introduction. The basic reasons of increasing turbulence in the political sphere of different state entities are analyzed. It is emphasized that the main fault of this phenomenon was the active formation of the new social groups.

Methodology and sources. A sociological analysis of stratification models of society, starting from the 19th century and up to our days in the context of the works of K. Marx, M. Weber, R. Florida, G. Stending, I. Vallerstein and others is used.

Results and discussion. The conclusion is made that the political sphere itself is self-sufficient, political groupings play an independent and very important role, and new tendencies of the modern global market significantly change of the society.

As new social groups are formed different factors of growth emerge which include functional flexibility and lack of guarantee of the working place. It can also asserted that technological progress at the present stage doesn’t recognize civilizational boundaries and ignores the factor of backwardness of some countries and regions which leads to ambiguous results and can cause social cataclysms.

Conclusion. A number of important conclusions follow from these circumstances. Among the active participants and actious of participants there are no clear of stratification barriers. Financial indicators still play a role. Indicators of financial position, level of education, and professional classification in combination with other factor still play a role. Blurred social boundaries inevitably imply the absence of a solid ideological base, which is replaced by protest trends often unrelated to political events and demands. The actions of the green eco-activists or LGBT community can serve as an example. The problem is that the political individuals react actively to any movement, which make the sphere of political decisions lose its authentic character.

Introduction. The present paper is a critical study of the classification methodology introduced by S. V. Voronin in 1969. The phonosemantic classification of onomatopoeic (sound imitative) words has been tested on the material of typologically different languages and, in general, has proven itself successful. However, the bulk of empirical evidence calls for minor updates on the classification. The first part of the article contained a detailed description of the classification and a critical analysis of its various aspects. This (the second) part contains suggestions as how to overcome the highlighted difficulties.

Methodology and sources. The method applied in the classification is the method of phonosemantic analysis which was introduced by S. V. Voronin. The present article explores the possibilities of its application on data from English and other relevant languages.

Results and discussion. The critical analysis of the universal classification of the onomatopoeic words conducted in the first part of the article revealed the presence of several overlapping classes and hyperclasses, as well as other minor inconsistencies. The introduction of additional hyper-classes and re-classification of frequentatives helps to overcome these difficulties. Thus, I move frequentatives-instants and frequentatives-continuants from the class “frequentatives” to form a hyper-class of their own, leaving what were Voronin’s “pure” frequentatives in the former class of frequentatives. I also introduce poly-syllabic onomatopoeic words into the classification.

Conclusion. The introduced changes do not not undermine the key principles of the Universal classification formulated by S. V. Voronin but help its practical implementation on the material of typologically different languages.

Introduction. This article is written in the development of the theme of the application of linguistic methods to historical research, more specifically, to the research of the circumstances of the origin of the Slavic ethnic group. These circumstances have not yet been clarified to the extent excluding clashes of opinions, down to opinions opposite to each other. In particular, the range of supposed dates for the appearance of the Common Slavic language varies from the 3rd millennium BC to the middle of the 1st millennium AD. The article describes an attempt of restricting this range.

Methodology and sources. The main ethno-defining trait is a common language: the Old Russian lexeme ɪазыкъ meant both “ethnos” and “language”. Usually a common language is, according to O. N. Trubachev, the result of convergence of many originally different dialects. The search for the probable time of the Common Slavic language origin has been accomplished under the following assumption: the factor consolidating dialects into the Common Slavic language (“Slavic Koine”) were kinds of economic activities that spanned a number of tribal groups, including the group of speakers of the actual Proto-Slavic dialect that initiated these activities.

The type of this production can be tried to determine by the ancient original Slavic industrial terms. Then, assuming the possibility of migrations of Proto-Slavs from the territory where the Common Slavic language was formed, to the territory inhabited by foreign-speaking tribes, we have searched for the names of local flora and fauna borrowed in Slavic languages, as well as foreign-speaking place names; in the languages of ethnic groups currently living in the territory of the formation of the Common Slavic language, we must, accordingly, find traces of Slavic names of local flora and fauna, as well as toponyms, Slavic by origin.

Results and discussion. Examining Slavic vocabulary, we have found there: a) Common Slavic names of copper, lead and silver, i. e. metals that have been simultaneously found in Old Europe exclusively in the Balkan-Carpathian metallurgical province of the 4th millennium BC; b) the original Slavic terms related to mining and metallurgy; c) the original Slavic names of crops and a number of other plants native to the Eastern Mediterranean and neighboring areas, as well as the names of the agricultural inventory; d) Finno-Ugric borrowings of the names of Northern European fish and Finno-Ugric place names in the absence of German borrowings. In the languages of peoples living in the Eastern Mediterranean one can find zoonyms, phytonyms and place names with unclear etymology, which, upon closer examination, can be explained as borrowings from dialects of the Proto-Slavic language.

Conlcusion. The totality of the observed lexical data leads to the conclusion that the ancestral home of Slavs was localized in the Eastern Mediterranean. This data does not correspond to any of other Indo-European (IE) languages other than the Baltic languages, which suggests, in particular, that only Proto-Slavs and Proto-Balts were directly related to the Balkan-Carpathian Metallurgical Province of the 4th millennium BC and that the languages of the respective groups were being formed in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean at that very time.

Introduction. The article considers the structure and variety of fixed collocations in the “Livonian Rhymed Chronicle”. Introduction explores historiographical researches on this source and states a lack of studies from historical poetics’ point of view.

Methodology and sources. Material for the research is the “Livonian Rhymed Chronicle”. Issues on its authorship and different opinions on the role of fixed collocations in the Сhronicle are discussed. All researchers agree that the influence of courtly epics is unmistakable but also that of W. von Eschenbach. However, the evaluation of this influence varies from research to research.

Results and discussion. The research’s results represent the most frequent models of fixed collocations in respect to their reproducibility, variation and structuring role in the text. Position of a collocation in the text and in line, its rhyme and lexical composition of each model are considered. The models are described as logical-syntactic schemes. The analyzed models are illustrated by 32 examples.

Discussion is devoted to summarizing the investigation and reviewing the results. A conclusion is drawn that the analyzed models are represented richly enough to speak of their regular reproducibility, but many fixed collocations are used just for rhyme or to fit in the line. High variety of discussed models’ lexical composition and of their structure is stated, but also regular iteration of stable collocations within a relatively short passage.

Conclusion. The conclusion highlights that the study of the Chronicle’s stylistic features allows to understand its place in the German order’s literature and in the literature of the Middle High German period.

Introduction. This article examines the role of the first language and translation in foreign language teaching-learning process as well as their relevance and importance in professional training of Linguistics students particularly with regard to the formation of intercultural competence of the students majoring in interpreting and translation. The exceptional role of improving and perfecting the first language, or native tongue proficiency, in this process is emphasized. The importance of a native language as a pedagogical instrument in university teaching-learning process needs to be reassessed. For overcoming present challenges of foreign language teaching an imbedded native language paradigm should be developed.

Methodology and sources. The present study was based on the authors’ personal experience in teaching EFL to engineering students, as well as in teaching the English Language and Translation from English into Russian. The students had to do the tasks, which were evaluated and analyzed. In addition, the students were asked to complete questionnaires.

Results and discussion. One of the major the outcomes of the study is the conclusion that a native language should be an integral part of an efficient foreign language teaching paradigm to form a polylingual and polyculturally educated individuals. Unambiguous correlation between the native tongue proficiency and the foreign language mastering levels was discovered.

Conclusion. Taking into account the rapid development of modern society and IT, for successful solution of the above problems we need to design up-to-date modern textbooks, preferably, e-books that provide material for FL learning but also put special focus on forming intercultural competence.

It also seems quite appropriate to include a course on Stylistics of the Native Language (in our case, of the Russian Language) specially designed for students specialising in translation and interpreting and a course on English/Russian standards speech for interpreters.