Introduction. This article is devoted to Pierre Duhem's contribution to the formation of the subject of philosophy of science. His main work was recognised by Ernst Mach, who wrote the preface to his main philosophical work. Usually the second stage of the formation of positivism is associated with the names of E. Mach, R. Avenarius, A. Poincaré, and very rarely include P. Duhem among the empiriocritics. However, Duhem is one of the greatest representatives of the positivist tradition, besides he influenced the formation of analytical philosophy. It is not by chance that his ideas were used by W. Quine, formulating the Duhem Quine thesis. Duhem was a fundamental physicist, a representative of positivism, and at the same time he can be referred to the deepest metaphysicians of his time. His metaphysics is manifested in the constant search for the relation between reality and the physical theory describing it. The notions “reality” and “real” occur more than fifty times in his work on the structure of physical theory. Therefore, the aim of the article is to clarify the essential and constitutive foundations of Duhem's philosophy, which define his position as both an empirio-criticist and a serious metaphysician. The scientific novelty of the present study is that the article demonstrates the methodological role of philosophical ontological paradigms in the formation and development of science.

Methodology and sources. The results of the research were based on the comparative analysis of texts by P. Duhem (“Physical Theory. Its Purpose and Structure”), empiriocritic E. Mach (“Knowledge and Delusion”), representative of analytical philosophy W. Quine (“Two Dogmas of Empiricism”) and neo-Kantian G. Feichinger (“The Philosophy of “As If””). Quine (“The Two Dogmas of Empiricism”) and neo-Kantian G. Feichinger (“Philosophy “As If””), as well as the works of researchers of different aspects of Duhem's philosophy: A. Loreti, M. Buzzoni, S.L. Giacchi, R. Niall D. Martin, M. Gegen, S. Psillos; E.S. de O. Barra; E. Ströcker. The article also applied an analytical method to clarify the basic concepts of Duhem's philosophy and the conceptual foundations of the relation between scientific knowledge and reality in his understanding of science.

Results and discussion. Duhem can be spoken of both as a profound investigator of the structure and purpose of physical theory and as an original metaphysician. Within the circle of his metaphysical concerns falls the question of the relation between physical theory and reality. Duhem argues that the choice of physical ontology is ultimately determined by metaphysics rather than by physics proper, and theory as an explanation of reality depends on the metaphysical position the scientist takes.

Conclusion. In Duhem's philosophy of science, scientific knowledge is presented as a tool for describing experimental laws, but at the same time as their natural classification, reflecting the actual order of things. Thus, Duhem's conception of the nature of scientific knowledge can be characterised as the position of a physicist scientist who, striving for a “perfect theory”, comes to the metaphysics of epistemological realism.

Introduction. In recent years, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in social life has increased. Innovations in the field of AI create not only new opportunities for a person and society as a whole, but also risks, problems and threats, which leads to the actualization of a risk-oriented approach towards the regulation of AI development on both the international and national levels. The problem of AI risk management has several interrelated areas, one of the central ones is the problem of identification of values on which the ethics of AI is built. The article considers issues related to the value-oriented direction of development of contemporary AI.

Methodology and sources. In the article there were used the methodology of cultural philosophical, axiological and interdisciplinary approaches is used. The sources used in the article are scientific research of domestic and foreign authors, documents, publications and websites devoted to the current state of AI and its problems.

Results and discussion. The topic of contemporary AI is developing as a special area of scientific and disciplinary knowledge, as well as a scalable AI industry. One of the latest trends in the current AI is emotional AI and its capabilities in establishing effective communication with person. However, despite the revolutionary nature of the new AI technology and the special significance of this innovation in AI communication with person, the problems of ethics and the value-oriented development of contemporary AI are defined by experts as key problems of our time.

Conclusion. Contemporary AI is analyzed today from the standpoint of various classifications, the central place is occupied by the classification based on the comparison of human intelligence and AI. In this regard, the formalization of moral values and ethical principles in the process of developing and operating AI algorithms is important for the value-oriented human-AI interaction. However, the system of universal human values and AI values coincide only partially. As a result, new approaches emerge that do not compare AI and human intelligence, in particular, the interdisciplinary approach «4E Cognition», which is considered by experts as the most productive in all respects.

Introduction. The space race plays an important role in shaping the modern narrative, justifying political ambitions, technological progress, and the status quo. Therefore, the aim of the article is to analyze the image of confrontation between two superpowers during the space race.

Methodology and sources. The article uses a comparative analysis of various narrative models and visual imagery in domestic and foreign movies. An interdisciplinary approach is applied to understand the specificities of the formation of the image of confrontation. The main sources of the research are the works of theorists in memory studies such as P. Hutton, Jan Assmann, M. Halbwachs, P. Nora, as well as contemporary researchers of Russian cinema O.J. Malinova, E.А. Piskunova, D.V. Medyanets, N.A. Lysova, E.A. Perova, as well as the concept of mimetic desire by R. Girard.

Results and discussion. It has been shown that modern Russian movies dedicated to space exploration construct an image of timeless confrontation between Russia and the West. This narrative permeates the imperial and Soviet past, and is also reflected in contemporary political rhetoric. The plot is based on the idea of mimetic rivalry between two superpowers. The motivation of the characters in domestic and foreign films intersects. However, while the domestic narrative appeals to nostalgia for the past, the foreign one is built on opposition to the past on issues of gender, racial, and national discrimination.

Conclusion. The conclusion is drawn about the dominant role of past achievements in constructing collective memory. Heroism is demonstrated through the mobilization of internal resources in “peaceful” times and humanization of previously mythologized heroic images.

Introduction. A high level of political trust is an important element of stable and effective public administration. At the present stage, the topic of the study of political trust in Russia has gained additional relevance due to the significant changes taking place in all public spheres in connection with the growth of international tensions. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of trust of young people in the Kaliningrad Oblast towards domestic political actors representing the Russian authorities.

Methodology and sources. The research is based on the works of Russian researchers devoted to the study of the peculiarities of political trust of Russian residents. On the basis of that there were put forward the hypotheses. The empirical base of the research was the data obtained in the course of a mass survey of young people in the Kaliningrad Oblast (n = 397). The indices of trust in the authorities and political leaders were calculated on their basis.

Results and discussion. The results of the sociological research conducted by the method of online questionnaire are presented. Significant differences in assessments of trust of young people in the Kaliningrad region have been revealed and its levels in relation to the authorities and political leaders have been determined. The highest level of trust is recorded in relation to the Governor of the Kaliningrad Oblast, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation. The average level of trust is demonstrated by young people in relation to state security bodies, the governments of the Russian Federation and the Kaliningrad region, the court and the regional parliament. The State Duma, the Council of Federation, the head of the Kaliningrad administration and the head of the City of Kaliningrad have a low level of trust.

Conclusion. It has been revealed that the political trust of young people in the Kaliningrad region is characterised by the features, which are typical for the Russian population as a whole, such as a high level of trust in the head of state, low trust in parliament and personalisation of trust. Among the specific features of the political trust of young people in the region we can single out a high degree of trust in the governor, as well as the absence of significant differences in trust in the authorities of the federal and regional levels.

Introduction. This article discusses the use of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) in sociological research. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing interest in applying new technologies to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of research in social sciences. GAI provides new opportunities for data collection, processing, and analysis, which can significantly change traditional approaches in sociology.

Methodology and sources. The research is based on an analysis of available publications and experimental data obtained during discussions with sociologists using GAI in their projects. The paper examines methodologies for generating surveys, processing respondents' answers, and analyzing big data using machine learning algorithms. The focus is on specific cases of GAI applications in sociological research, as well as examples of successful projects.

Results and discussion. The results of the study demonstrate that the use of GAI allows for significantly accelerating the data processing process and enhancing the quality of the data. New patterns and trends in sociological research have been identified, enabling researchers to draw more accurate and justified conclusions. Ethical aspects related to the use of GAI are also discussed, such as issues of confidentiality and algorithmic bias.

Conclusion. Generative artificial intelligence represents a powerful tool capable of transforming sociological research. Despite existing challenges, it opens new horizons for data collection and analysis, fostering a deeper understanding of social processes and phenomena. It is important to continue exploring the possibilities and limitations of GAI for the advancement of sociological science.

Introduction. The aim of the article is to define the differences in the use of the terms ‘subject’ and ‘actor’ in the context of social science disciplines and the terms ‘subject of management’ and ‘discursant’ in the sociology of management. The purpose of the article is related to the formulation of the task of sociological research. All this takes into account the specifics of the subject of management in modern self-organizing communities conducting remote polylogue.

Methodology and sources. The works of A. A. Bogdanov, S. L. Rubinstein, V. E. Lepsky, A. A. Merzlyakov, B. Latour, M. Archer were used during the work with the article. The descriptive approach which was used allowed us to specify the key terms. The qualitative aspect of the content analysis revealed interpretations of the terms in different scientific disciplines, while the quantitative aspect revealed research interest in the phenomenon. The apperception method enriched the existing ideas about the subjects of management.

Results and discussion. Based on the identified problems, the result of the justified use of the term ‘management subject’ as opposed to the term ‘actor’ has been achieved. For polysubject environments, including remote polylogue in the digital environment, it is necessary to use the term ‘polysubject’ at the level of generalisation, and at the individual level the introduction of the special term ‘discursant’ is proposed, which allows us to put emphasis on the definition of the ontological component of the subject of management.

Conclusion. The study showed that in the paradigm of the polysubject in the digital polylogue it is possible to set a task for a relevant sociological study related to the increased activity of self-organizing communities in the digital environment.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the opportunities and barriers of the environment. It is proposed to look at the creation of an “accessible environment” not only as the elimination of physical barriers, but also from the point of view of its possibilities for the inclusion of people with disabilities in public life. The purpose of the article is to assess the possibilities of the environment and identify the levels of interaction with the environment for young people with disabilities. The scientific novelty of the study is there are many levels of the environment when we talk about people with disabilities.

Methodology and sources. Based on the ecological theory of the social psychologist W. Bronfenbrenner, the levels of the environment are divided into micro, meso, and macro levels. However, this is only a vertical division of levels. The environment is perceived by individuals much more broadly. The empirical part of the work is represented by a qualitative methodology, a semi-structured interview (N = 18) was conducted with young people with visual impairment and musculoskeletal disorders. The full picture of the study was complemented by expert interviews (N = 3) with representatives of public organizations

Results and discussion. There are horizontal levels of the environment, namely the physical environment, media space, and social interaction. As well as vertical levels, which include family, education, employment. Some levels have sub-levels, in each of which there are certain environmental barriers. The interaction of young people with disabilities with the environment at each of these sublevels will be different.

Conclusion. An accessible environment is an opportunity for a young person with disabilities not only to go beyond their home, but also to be a full-fledged member of society, an active participant in social relations; the opportunity to express oneself, to be heard; as well as the opportunity to realize your identity and self-realization.

Introduction. The method of cognitive-conceptual modeling is becoming increasingly important in analysing discursive phenomena and it allows to identify both universal and ethnocultural content of concept spheres as well as to characterize the linguistic means of their verbalization. The application of this method allows the authors of the paper to describe the means of discursive representation of the concept sphere ‘anti-terrorism measures’ in English and Russian linguocultures. The paper attempts to identify conceptually significant features of the configuration of the concept sphere under analysis.

Methodology and sources. Conceptually significant features and the specifics of their configuration are examined as the verbal objectification of social interaction, influenced by a range of cultural factors. The linguistic material comprises handouts, guides, and manuals from websites, as well as anti-terrorism guides, manuals, and instructions placed in educational institutions and public transport in Novosibirsk. The authors employed such methods as information and semantic text analysis, cognitive-comparative modelling of the concept sphere, genre-discursive and comparative analyses.

Results and discussion. The analysis identified the following fundamental concepts that objectify the concept sphere “anti-terrorism measures”: “a subject countering terrorist activity”, “a probable subject of terrorist activity”, “prescribed actions and measures to prevent a terrorist attack”, “probable actions of hostages”, “probable actions after a terrorist attack”. In the English linguoculture, the texts that can be attributed to strongly preventive genres of anti-terrorist discourse prevail. In Russian linguoculture, anti-terrorist materials mainly present the situations at a later stage of a terrorist attack; they are characterized by joint verbalization of the concepts ‘vertical integration’ and ‘centralization’.

Conclusion. The research results indicate that the examined anti-terrorism materials possess a number of culturally determined conceptual features based on the following oppositions: “highly preventive – weakly preventive”, “horizontally integrated community – vertically integrated community”, and “decentralization – centralization”.

Introduction. Contemporary literature is built on the principles of playing, mixing high and low, and also mixing genres, therefore it requires research attention. The new meta modernist paradigm makes it possible to combine the tendencies of modernism and postmodernism, change genre strategies of authors. Studies of contemporary fiction allow supplementing the data of stylistics and genrology, since hybrids of genres, the so-called “zones of genre uncertainty”, are observed mostly there.

Methodology and sources. In the article, as an example of a “genroid” – a work at the junction of genres – is considered a novel by M. Pessl “Night Film”, which is an example of the latest intellectual prose. The purpose of the article was to identify the author's strategy of hybridization of genres and means of implementation, the goals of this strategy, for which the method of linguistic analysis and comparative method were used. The sources of scientific data were articles from scientific journals, monographs and dissertations of Russian and foreign linguists and literary scholars.

Results and discussion. The author of the novel achieves an effect of depth and cinematography of narration with the help of genre mixing strategy. It involves reader in interaction connection with the text and includes the text in a metamodernist concept of “new sincerity”. M. Pessl’s genre strategy includes the use of genre clichés of thriller, detective and horror novel (the effect of deceived expectations is triggered). The ironic mode of narration, change of narrative perspective, use of various stylistic means and visual prominence help to create cognitive empathy of the reader.

Conclusion. The text exhibits the strategy of genre hybridization, multiple perspective of narration with the “text within the text” technique, the effect of an unreliable narrator, polycode text fragments, which creates a new metamodernist literature with its complex structure and textual cinematography. Thus, by mixing features of postmodernist and modernist literature, the metamodernist genre becomes a completely new phenomenon that requires further study.

Introduction. The article is devoted to a set of problems related to manipulative influence on the addressee in the mass media, in which the component of information is increasingly aimed at changing public consciousness in order to achieve information superiority and, as a result, to obtain political benefits. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the study of the formation of new background knowledge by appealing to existing stereotypes that affect the perception and interpretation of facts of the surrounding reality. The relevance of this study lies in the growing interest in the problems of speech influence, in the ways and linguistic means of implementing influence.

Methodology and sources. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is formed by linguistic studies of media discourse by T.G. Dobrosklonskaya, G.A. Kopnina; studies of political linguistics, in particular political manipulation, and semiotics of political discourse by E.I. Sheigal, O.V. Mingaleva, O.L. Mikhaleva. The empirical material of the study ist based on political articles of German-language journals for 2020–2024, as well as statistical data of German corpus: DWDS and the German reference corpus DeReKo.

Results and discussion. The article describes the main speech techniques and linguistic means of creating and broadcasting stereotypes, through which a picture of the world and, as a result, public opinion is formed in the minds of the mass addressee. The main tactics of speech influence are considered, implying an explicit or implicit assessment of reality in order to influence the emotional and evaluative attitudes of the mass addressee.

Conclusion. In political media texts, in particular in German-speaking ones, tactics of speech influence are actively used: opposition, accusation, offense, threat, demonization, as well as manipulative techniques such as omission and/or distortion of information in order to form ideologized stereotypes among the mass addressee and, as a result, influence public consciousness.

Introduction. The article presents an overview of the constitutive features of media political discourse. The aim of the article is to determine the essential parameters of modern Englishlanguage media-political discourse. The main components of this type of discourse, its axiological structure are considered. Special attention is paid to the ideological and manipulative nature of media political discourse. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity of singling out media political discourse as one of the sections of discourse theory through the meticulous study of its system-forming features.

Methodology and sources. As a methodological basis, the article uses some ideas of the functional approach to discourse analysis, in particular, critical discourse analysis, as well as cognitive linguistics, media discourse, medialinguistics, multimodal approach to the study of discourse. The main method is an analytical scientific review of Russian and foreign works on discourse theory.

Results and discussion. According to the results of the review, the main components of media political discourse are political topics, political actors, political language, and, mainly, mass media that mediate communication within the framework of MPD. The fundamental characteristics of media political discourse include ideology, manipulativeness, persuasiveness, emotionality, polycodicity, informativeness, dynamism, and theatricality. Virtual media-political discourse, as well as Internet discourse in general, is characterized by hybridity, stylistic heterogeneity, creolization, multichannel and dialogicality, and involves remote interactive and immersive communication of virtual interlocutors. A higher level of actualization, timeliness and informativeness of online media-political discourse compared to traditional media is evident. New media supplement traditional media tasks with new functions. The axiological halo of the text, which means the whole set of values presented in the text, has a decisive impact on the interpretation of the author's ideological position and contributes to the strengthening of the media political text's suggestiveness. Based on the definition of such features of media political discourse as polycode and multilevel, it seems most effective to consider this type of discourse from the position of multimodality.

Conclusion. The main function of media political discourse can be considered the construction of collective political reality in this type of discourse. Media political discourse is a construct that has constitutive power and participates in the construction of social reality. The media political picture of the world is constructed through the broadcasting of certain images, meanings, ideological attitudes, values and political preferences.

Introduction. The article presents the results of a study of the speech behavior of the person in a situation of objection. Objection is considered to be a leading communicative strategy in case of inconsistency of positions. The author of the article believes that situational models are stored in the addressee's mind, and he plans his speech behavior according to them.

Methodology and sources. A comprehensive methodology was used, including general scientific (analysis, systematization, modeling) and specific linguistic methods (contextual analysis, interpretative analysis). The research material includes English-language scientific articles dated 1931-2006 and posted on the Semantic Scholar scientific literature platform. The articles relate to various fields of science (economics, ecology, linguistics, biology, medicine, etc.), so it is possible to show the universality of the tactics and techniques used. The fragments containing an opposite and/or alternative point of view about the present knowledge were selected using a continuous sampling method.

Results and discussion. It has been determined that when implementing the communicative strategy of objection, a person tends to use a set of tactics and techniques. The linguistic means of their objectification are defined. It has been established that the speech actions of the objector are usually organized in a certain order. Typical models of speech behavior in the situation of objection are proposed.

Conclusion. When expressing an opposite and/or alternative opinion, participants resort to similar communicative actions. The choice and linguistic means of their objectification are determined by the need to comply with the norms of institutional communication.

Introduction. The article discusses the “heroic” theme in the context of Modern fairy tales. The relevance of this study is related to the relevance of the very concept of heroism, which was different at various times. The semantic features of “hero” concept in the ancient literary monuments and in the later works is examined hereafter. Also discussed the question on how this concept has transformed over the time, from the mythologized monumentality of a fairy saga hero to the simplicity and everyday life characters of Modern Times epoch fairy tales, the plots of which rather can be based on real events unrelated to magic.

Methodology and sources. The method of comparative analysis is the main tool used hereafter. As the examples, J.R. Kipling's fairy tales “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi” and “Toomai of the Elephants” are considered. A comparative analysis of characteristic fragments of original texts and translations, made by K.I. Chukovsky and M.I. Klyagina-Kondratieva, being intended for readers of the first half of the last century in the USSR is carried out. Also, some of the author's semantic tools aimed at the children's audience of the Victorian era in England are analyzed.

Results and discussion. Basing on the results, we can see some examples of semantic means making it possible to adapt Kipling's original works about India, published in London in the 1890s, for the Soviet reader who was not familiar with the life in a remote southern country. Some of the author's linguistic tools aimed at Victorian era children's audience in England are also analyzed. A comparative analysis of the characteristic fragments of original texts and translations of fairy tales is carried out. Some specific features of the USSR discourse in the first half of the last century, when the translations of Kipling's fairy tales were first performed and published, the relevance of the heroic theme for that historical period have been considered. Also, various means of language, which, in our opinion, should contribute to successful interaction with the “target”, predominantly children's, readership, are discussed.

Conclusion. As the result of our research, we can conclude, that the general specific features of discourse related to that historical period, when Kipling's fairy tales were translated into Russian, turned out to be very favorable. Thanks to the skills of translators, as well as the appropriate historical conditions, fairy tales have found their readers. Moreover, these fairy tales, like other works by J. R. Kipling, remain popular still today.