Introduction. The paper deals with the philosophical problems of the mathematisation of nature in modern science.

Methodology and sources. The analysis is based on the issues in modern science viewed through the prism of the critique of the mathematisation of nature in phenomenological philosophy.

Results and discussion. It is argued that the radical mathematisation of nature devoid of any references to the source of its contingent facticity in humanity, leads to the diminution of humanity and concealment of the primary medium of existence, that is the life world. Phenomenology shows how the life-word can be articulated through contrasting it to “nature” constructed scientifically. It is the analysis of the scientific universe as mental creation that can help to uncover the life-world when “nature” (as scientifically constructed and abstracted from the life-world), is itself subjected to a kind of deconstruction which leads us back to the life-world of the next, so to speak, reflected order.

Conclusion. The life-world is articulated under the conditions that there exists a scientific explicability of nature. The life-world as it is articulated in theology does require some alternative explication of nature, but, contrary to science, it never leads to the concealment of the life-world. What is common to these life-worlds is exactly that which cannot be explicated by science, namely the underlying personhood.

Introduction. In modern philosophy of perception, the issue of the content of perceptual mental states is actively discussed, in particular the possibility of nonconceptual content is one of the most significant problem. Usually conceptual activity is attributed to thinking, and perception is intended to be non-conceptual. Such an approach may deprive perception of opportunity to serve as a basis for judgment. The paper analyzes Tye’s theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states, which does not deprive the perception of its epistemological function.

Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the research work is based on philosophical analysis of modern theories of perception and results of cognitive research.

Results and discussion. In accepted terminology, the content of perceptual mental states can be of three types: conceptual, non-conceptual detailed (fine-grained) and nonconceptual coarse (coarse-grained). Tye's position is that perceptual mental states have only the third kind of content. This approach faces a number of objections that are presented in this paper. The analysis of objections shows their surmount ability, thus, it can be concluded that the Tye’s position of nonconceptual content can be considered as reasonable. The main result of the presented research is the presentation of additional grounds for the theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states.

Conclusion. The problem of the content of perceptual mental states is crucial for understanding the epistemological role of perception. The theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states provides new insights into perception.

Introduction. The paper deals with the possibility of referring to a conceptual resource of Russian cosmism to clarify the position of a man in the modern media realism. Cosmist philosophers for the first time drew attention to the fact that the possible conquest of space will be primarily a rediscovery of man. Indeed, space devices mastered not so much space, as a man in his communicative nature, organizing new connections, new communities, new meanings.

Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the research work is based on philosophical analysis of primary sources and research literature.

Results and discussion. The paper shows that the cosmists managed not only to foresee the re-discovery of person, which will begin with an information explosion the release of meanings, images, events, signs, faces, etc. from the previous types of communication, they were the first to manage to point out the positive aspects of such emancipation and how to live after the information explosion. According to their intuitions: 1) a person will become open to all eras, all mythologies, all symbols, and therefore extremely complicated (today we see how the newest interfaces of technical devices force us to do more, maximally intensifying our psychophysiology – attention, reaction speed, etc. ); 2) in the conditions of increasing complexity, new types of organization will be required (today complex social and technical systems are intertwined, creating hybrids: virtual, augmented reality, real virtuality, etc.); 3) since traditional contexts are erased and paradoxical hybrid forms of experience are multiplied, actions should not just lead to some result, but first of all explain their goals and their meaning, that is, practical and pragmatic actions give way to epistemic actions (clarifying that actually done – hence the value of gamification, information, etc.). Thus, as a result of media research, through the prism of the philosophical search of cosmists, it is possible to see media not only as a message, but also as a community, which in conditions of the absence of a whole, understands this whole (space) as a task, as achieving a common mood through co-feeling, -co-readiness (organization), and an instrument for achieving attunement (the mood that precedes words, meanings, images, all their connections and remains after their emancipation), suggests epistemic actions – actions not only creating something, but also clarifying, what is being done.

Conclusion. The theory of the common cause should be understood as the theory of epistemic actions in the media (or as the theory of media epistemic action), which becomes the basis for clarifying the mechanism of orientation, mutual understanding and mutual recognition in media reality, when a person cannot consume information, without participating in its production.

Introduction. The driving force of the modern society development is information technology transformations. They determined the beginning of qualitative transformations of not only the world order, but also many essential features of the state. Because of this, the study of changes in the sphere of political power and government, as well as the class structure of society, acquires special significance.

Methodology and sources. The conclusions presented in this paper are based on the methodology of analytical and critical generalization in the field of social philosophy, as well as special theories and approaches, among which should be noted the neoinstitutional approach, the theories of the post-industrial and network society.

Results and discussion. The introduction of digital technology is stacked for the state in two ways. The state receives not only new mechanisms for monitoring, accounting, control, pressure, and verification of the population, but also a high degree of citizen involvement in the state governing process. The consequence of a high degree of activity of civil structures may be the decentralization of state power and the redistribution of powers. A significant danger to the state is the network governing structure that requires all its participants to connect to the information channels. Having taken root in the governing environment, the network principle will come into conflict with the traditional chain of command, which will inevitably lead to the dispersion of its functions and blur the old governing schemes. There are the formation and further confrontation of two classes, which can be conventionally called the "higher" and "lower" classes in the logic of the development of the modern information society. Thus, in the course of the study, the problem of the transformation of the state institution in the conditions of information technology transformations was analyzed, and the issue of the formation of a new class structure was also raised.

Conclusion. The age of information technology does not just create a new society, but it determines its essence, structure, basic characteristics, determines and sets parameters of its development.

Introduction. Sociological studies of the social portrait of students are an urgent problem of science, which has recently acquired special significance in Russian conditions. This is due to those circumstances, which, on the one hand, follow from the special characteristics of students as a specific social group, for which the problems of successful socialization are especially relevant, and on the other, they are dictated by the significant dependence of students on those factors that are formed in the political, economic and the legal space of different regions. In conditions of social transformations and turbulence, almost always young students find themselves in a more difficult situation than older generations. In particular, a number of problems arise on the basis of the divergences and nuances of the social perception of reality, which are formed among students who, to varying degrees, are adapted to the local conditions of the university.

Methodology and sources. The theoretical foundation of the study is the concept of youth as a cultural group, the methodology of sociological research of risk and social uncertainty, the works of foreign and national researchers of student youth, which reflect various aspects of students' social life, in particular, the results of a study of the effects of social factors in the information space, new phenomena of youth subcultures, etc., which involve the development of new strategies for a sociological study of the social portrait of young students.

Results and discussion. Particular problems of students' socialization arise in those regions of the country where new legal and political realities are forming. Compared with other social groups, in such social spaces, it is more difficult for young people to integrate and join in a new reality, because the usual mechanisms of socialization, formed earlier, are not actual now, and how to achieve full potential in the new social space is not yet clear to everyone. In particular, such contradictions are clearly visible in the Crimean realities, in the university community of Sevastopol. The purpose of the sociological research conducted by the Centre for Sociological Research of Sevastopol State University was to study the characteristics of the social portrait of student youth in Sevastopol, including those representing various groups of students according the period of their residence on the peninsula. For this purpose, two groups of young people were distinguished in the analysis, differing by the period of their residence in Sevastopol: an “indigenous” one – those who live in Sevastopol from birth or moved here at an early age, and a “new” one – those who moved to Sevastopol after 2014. The results of the study made it possible to determine the strategic life goals of university students, which can be described as ambitious: starting a business, acquiring a car and housing, providing material wealth, pursuing career success and self-realization.

Conclusion. Most of the “indigenous” youth and “new” residents of the southern capital of Russia have shown their attitude to Sevastopol as a city that they want to develop together. This fact was assessed as a phenomenon of social gratitude: the young generation, who found in Sevastopol the opportunity to live peacefully and fulfill itself, binds itself to the city, but wants to make it better. The study also confirms the relevance of highlighting among students social and demographic groups that differ in the perception of social reality, due to the time spent in this social environment. In particular, this is noted in a higher degree of readiness of “old-timers” for practical participation in changes in social reality – participation in public life, volunteering, etc.

Introduction. People have long gone to the invention of the method of fixing objects, phenomena not only with the help of graphic activity, since this method took a lot of time and could not fully convey the appearance of the depicted object. The quality and proximity to reality depended not only on the skill of the artist, but also on the genre in which the painting was performed. And, as a result of a huge number of experiments and invested efforts of a dozen of people, in the XIX century they finally found a different way of fixing everyday life. And photography has become this way.

Methodology and sources. The research used data from Internet sources, scientific literature on this subject matter. In the study are used a comparative historical method, a structure-functional analysis, a typological approach.

Results and discussion. In this paper, we consider how the same reality was transmitted through the prism of photographic images on the example of the Third Reich. The thesis, which we will try to prove, involving not only the history, but also the data of the survey, is as follows: a photograph can convey the attitude of the state to a person and the place of a person in an ideological society.

Conclusion. Thus, this paper deals with the transfer of the desired reality through the prism of photographic images on the example of the Third Reich. The author conducted a survey of respondents. The paper proves the theses of the author based on the carried survey.

Introduction. The research work defines the current significance of international sanctions, examines the types of sanctions, the goals of their imposition and the consequences for the international system. As an example, anti-Russian sanctions and retaliatory measures are being analyzed, as well as their influence on relations between the states. In the study an assessment of the development of Russian-German cooperation in various fields before and after the imposition of sanctions is given.

Methodology and sources. Such research methods as analysis, synthesis, comparison, statistical methods are used in the research work. Import-export relations between Russia and Germany are analyzed in the paper.

Results and discussion. Russia incurs heavy losses from sanctions compared to the European Union. Anti-Russian sanctions do not contribute to the development of free international trade. The European Union is having difficulty maintaining transatlantic economic relations. The imposition of US extraterritorial sanctions is detrimental to German and other European companies. Both European countries and Russia have internal problems, which are aggravated by the sanctions confrontation.

Conclusion. Despite all the existing problems and obstacles that stand in the way of bilateral relations, there are positive trends in them. Russia and Germany, in general, have adapted to the sanctions regime. Anti-Russian sanctions will probably not be lifted in the short term.

Introduction. Practices of social bots are becoming more diverse, bots are used in politics, economics, culture, health care, education, etc. In this connection, the need to analyze this new digital technology for disseminating information by various social actors, pursuing different social goals (both destructive and constructive) has been mainstreamed. The authors focus on chatbots used by volunteer organizations to expand their social influence. The paper realizes the following objectives: it considers the innovative experience of using chatbots in the volunteer movement of a number of foreign countries, and also analyzes the use of chatbots by Russian volunteer organizations for the first time.

Methodology and sources. The authors developed and applied a methodology for analyzing the structure and functions of chatbots by the following parameters: 1) the purpose of the chatbot; 2) the functions that it performs; 3) external characteristics of the bot; 4) the procedure for starting the bot; 5) the platform on which it operates; 6) the productivity of its activities.

Results and discussion. The results of a comparative study of five identified bots according to these parameters showed that the goals of creating chatbots in the volunteer sphere of Russian charitable and non-profit organizations are determined by their functions. There were identified three main functions: fundraising; informing; recruiting. The external characteristics and launch procedures of the chatbots in question differ depending on the specificity of the platforms on which they operate (Telegram, Facebook Messenger, VKontakte). As a possible discussion, the authors consider such problems as further developing the typology of social bots, the prospect of using chatbots for Russian volunteer organizations, the development of parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of chatbots in the volunteer movement and adjusting their functioning.

Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that the study of the field of application of “benign” bots is an extremely relevant, but poorly understood problem in modern science. In the paper, on the basis of studies carried out by foreign researchers (S. Savage, A. Monroy-Hernandez, T. Höllerer, K. Starbird, L. Palen), the productivity of such bots in the field of volunteering was shown, as well as the productive experience of similar digital technologies (in particular, chatbots) in the Russian volunteer movement was analyzed for the first time.

Introduction. The article opens a series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter R–linguistics), the purpose of which is to formalize the processes studied by linguistics, to expand the possibilities of their use in artificial intelligence systems. At the heart of R-linguistics is the hypothesis that mental and linguistic activity is based on the use of consciousness model of the world, which is a system of specially processed relationships observed in the world or received by consciousness in the process of communication.

Methodology and sources. This article is devoted to the axiomatization of the categorization process. The research methods consist of the development of necessary mathematical concepts for linguistics.

Results and discussion. Axioms of categorization are defined and their equivalence with other systems of axioms is established. The concept of linguistic spaces, which consist of categories formed on the basis of axioms, is formulated. The properties of linguistic spaces are defined. In the paper are introduced the concepts of forming species which are important in decompositions of spaces, and in the transition to a parametric representation and language. Three variants of categorization are considered, the most important of which is verbal categorization. The evaluation of the results and their further development in different directions is carried out.

Conclusion. At the end of the article some additional comments are made for further publications of the series.

Introduction. The question of the correspondence between the linguistic representation of concepts that make up the national linguistic picture of the world and the linguistic consciousness of the nation is examined on the basis of the concepts of the beginning and completion of the event. The grammatical structure of the language puts the native speaker in the framework of the concepts formed earlier and limits the choice to accessible language means.

Methodology and sources. In order to determine the peculiarities of the perception of the event structure by native Russian and English speakers, as well as to establish how much the scope of concepts coincides or differs in national language pictures of the world, a comparative analysis of the dominant elements of the functional semantic fields of the beginning and completion of the event was used.

Results and discussion. The analysis of linguistic means was carried out on the basis of the functional-semantic approach. Psycholinguistic analysis of linguistic consciousness was carried out on the basis of data from associative dictionaries of the Russian and English languages. The study also provides information on the structure of the event and statistical data describing the linguistic representation of the beginnings and completion in Russian and English at all levels from grammatical to syntactic.

Conclusion. It was found out, that the source of semantic originality of the means of expression of beginning and end, constituting the corresponding functional semantic fields, can be not only differences in the grammatical system of the language, but also cultural-conditioned discrepancies in the scope of the concepts themselves. This means that the psycholinguistic features of concept perception in the national language consciousness have a direct impact on the choice of language means when translating or using the language as a means of communication by bilinguals.

Introduction. Introduction explores synchronic and diachronic researches of temporal nouns in German as well as their classifications. Combinations of time adverbials with attributes of different kind in the Middle High German period are studied insufficiently. The research was conducted in the field of historical pragmatics, which allows to specify the speaker’s attitude to a statement.

Methodology and sources. Material for the research is the “Livonian Rhymed Chronicle”. Provenience, specifics and the study of this text in linguistics and historiography as well as different points of view on the text’s poetics are considered. If the chronicle is considered as a conscious imitation of court epics, the functioning of its time adverbials is also to be considered from the court epic’s poetics’ point of view. Temporal organization of the Chronicle is not studied very well.

Results and discussion. Results of the research represent examples of temporal nouns in the Chronicle. Collected examples are divided into groups according to by what part of speech is an attribute represented: by nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, numerals and subordinate clauses. Most characteristic examples for each group are analyzed. Discussion is devoted to summarizing the investigation and reviewing the results. A conclusion is drawn that temporal nouns due to their attributes receive some quality that bears the main semantic charge, whereas the temporal noun itself is partly non-semantic. Parallels to the usage of time adverbials in court epics are drawn.

Conclusion. In the conclusion the connection between time presentation in the Chronicle and the medieval mentality is highlighted.

Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of language as a marker of people's identity, which is formed by building boundaries and describing relationships, primarily between neighbors. The aim of the research work is to analyze the forms of expression of journalists in the media.

Methodology and sources. The report examines materials from the main release of the News of the first Polish television channel, concerning the two neighbors of the Poles, that is, the Germans and Russians. The collected material covers the period of November 16, 2015, that is, from the day of the inauguration of the new Polish government (which has a completely different approach to Poland’s foreign affairs than its predecessors) until December 31, 2016. Created and described on the basis of the collected material stereotypes of German and Russian in modern Poland will be compared with the stereotypes of these two peoples, familiar to Poles by proverbs, which were found in the explanatory dictionaries of the Polish language, as well as in other dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. The linguistic analysis of the text, the socio-psychological-linguistic foundations of the formation of auto-and heterostereotypes, mass-media discourse and its impact on recipients were used as the theoretical basis for the arguments presented in the paper.

Results and discussion. In Polish dictionaries, and dictionaries of Proverbs and sayings it was found 38 Proverbs Russian Proverbs and 107 of the Germans. It was analyzed how many of them are positive and how many negative traits of Russians and Germans. As for the Russian, positive traits can be found in only 6 of 38 Proverbs (15.7 percent). There are 18 positive of 107 sayings about Germans in Polish sources (16.8 percent). Specified number of Proverbs shows that the poles hand down from generation to generation a negative image of their neighbors. On the basis of material collected from "News" channel images of Russians and Germans were made up as well. During the period under review, any positive information about Russia and Russian has not appeared. As for the Germans, it is also dominated by a negative image, and, if to speak about positive things, they are never left without comment, which contains a warning.

Conclusion. Heterostereotypes play an active role in fostering the way of thinking of contemporaries and, one can assume, representatives of the next generations, since popular wisdom and historical experience are passed on from generation to generation in each country. Heterostereotypes often become reality themselves, are inherited and acquire new symbolic meanings, and are updated depending on the political situation. A comparison of the heterostereotypes of Russian and German in Polish proverbs, the oldest of which were found in a dictionary published in 1830, with modern heterostereotypes from the main release of “News” proves that the description of the phenomenon of stereotypes in each new historical era is an important scientific problem.