Introduction. By the late 1980s, a strong consensus had emerged within the academic community that the disciplinary boundaries of the social sciences, established during the colonial era, were no longer appropriate for contemporary research challenges and that the social sciences needed to be restructured. An attempt to solve this problem was made through rethinking the system of organizing science and the production of scientific knowledge as elements of the culture of the capitalist world-system. The article reconstructs the key ideas of the world-system approach to the development of scientific knowledge. Methodology and sources. The emergence of world-system studies in the field of social science epistemology is seen as the third shift in problematics in the research program on the culture of the capitalist world-system. The network method was used to substantiate the choice of the Richard Edward Lee’s works as the main source for reconstructing the epistemological turn.

Results and discussion. First, the world-system approach proposes to consider the model of production and reproduction of knowledge structures as an integral part of the capitalist world-system. The representatives of the world-system approach thus overcome the antinomy of «past-present» and view science as a sphere of culture within the recurring waves of capital expansion and cycles of world hegemony. From this perspective, they interpret the development of two lines of Cartesian dualism of nature and man, which, in the 19th century, became delineated in the form of the natural and the human sciences. Secondly, the world-system approach asserts that the social sciences, with their claim to objectivity and value neutrality, emerged in the 19th century as a solution to the internal contradictions of European culture, as a response to extreme versions of adaptation to the idea of progress of knowledge structures in the projects of conservatism and radicalism. Thirdly, the systemic decline of hegemony in the current cycle of the world-system is accompanied by a crisis of established structures of scientific knowledge.

Conclusion. Research in the field of epistemology opens up prospects for the world-system problematization of the history of Western philosophy and science, sets the task of developing theoretical constructs to explain the dynamics of cultures and processes of cognition in semi-peripheral and peripheral zones of the world system, including Russia.

Introduction. Communication with intelligent agents is becoming an increasingly common practice that pursues a variety of goals. If communication with communicative agents laid the foundations for the social practice of communication, then dialogues with large language models with feedback can be considered as an epistemological activity. The new format of communication with large language models has introduced the so-called “chain of reasoning” into communication, that is, the “thoughts” of the neural network that precede the main answer. Conceived for the step-by-step solution of complex problems, in fact, “reasoning” has a deeper potential, which is the subject of this study.

Methodology and sources. The empirical part of the study consists of fragments of DeepSeek’s “reflections” obtained in response to various queries. The study analyzes the main trends that exist today in the field of the development of communication with artificial intelligence, and presents a phenomenological analysis of individual cases.

Results and discussion. Even in their direct responses, large language models tend to offer emotionally exaggerated compliments on user texts, but in their reasoning, assessments may concern to the users themselves, becoming more multifaceted and not necessarily positive. DeepSeek demonstrates metacommunication skills, assessing the reasons for the request, the communicative situation, and the characteristics of the user's state and emotions. AI presents the communicative situation as a problem that needs to be solved: it strives not so much to provide the correct solution to the user's request as to offer an appropriate way out. In this case, human-machine interaction acquires the features of externalization of the internal dialogue. Instead of asking questions of oneself and reflecting, a person directs them to the machine, confronting external challenges.

Conclusion. Thus, due to the specifics of the development of AI dialogue systems, the unity of humans and machine acquires a deeper character. At the same time, a person, as it were, extends his own “I” to what is created by the neural network, attributing authorship to himself. Ignoring the substitution of one's own intellectual activity with an artificial one, along with a person’s conviction that they are a self-sufficient subject, can be interpreted as an unconscious dependence, while the growth of metacommunicative skills of AI means an increasing potential for influencing the user. 

Introduction. The article explores the conditions under which the central government prefers either liberalization or authoritarian rollback as responses to socio-political instability, particularly to low levels of loyalty among national (local) elites. The key variable linking both liberalization and authoritarian rollback is the degree of coercion and violence employed by the central authority against regime opponents.

Methodology and sources. The study is based on a comparative analysis of contrasting cases of liberalization and authoritarian rollback drawn from Russian history spanning the 17th to the late 20th centuries.

Results and discussion. When the social and cultural distance between regime opponents and various societal groups – both domestic and foreign – is relatively high, and the resources of insurgents can be confiscated or neutralized, the government tends to respond to socio-political instability through authoritarian rollback. Conversely, when this distance is relatively low and the resources of insurgents are dispersed, the state is compelled to compromise and make concessions to certain actors and groups among the (potential) opponents of the regime. This leads to a phase of liberalization that results in the fragmentation of the opposition. As internal contradictions within the opposition intensify, the state resorts to the targeted suppression of its most uncompromising adversaries, including the rollback of rights and powers previously granted to the beneficiaries of liberalization.

Conclusion. The central government's choice between liberalization and authoritarian backsliding in response to socio-political crises in the periphery is driven by the need to maintain a relatively high levels of elite loyalty and depends on the nature and structure of the regime opponents’ resources. 

Introduction. The article is devoted to studying of the historical prerequisites for the formation of new ontological concepts in philosophy. To this end, the authors return to the main theses of E. Husserl, bringing back into focus the problem of the differentiation of being, which classical science has historically failed to address adequately. The paper discusses the question of whether phenomenology has succeeded. 

Methodology and sources. It is methodologically significant to consider the problem of regional ontologies in the context of the increasing complexity of the contemporary structure of scientific knowledge. This issue is mentioned by E. Husserl himself, but the above-mentioned idea is significantly elaborated in the works of A. Gurvich, G. Heffernan,  K. Maiolino, and E. Trizio. Among Russian scholars, the works of V.S. Stepin are particularly noteworthy in this context. 

Results and discussion. Phenomenology has established the principle of the primacy of understanding over knowledge in the process of cognition. At the same time, the regions themselves have not been adequately substantiated within phenomenology, which is surprising given the fact that more than 100 years have passed since the official publication of Husserl's works. According to the Western philosophical tradition, the main point is that the original concept of regionality did not take into account the artificial component of the world, which manifested itself in the search for a form to explain the world and historically evolved into the well-known system of scientific disciplines. However, this system no longer captures the world as a whole, but only clarifies its parts. 

Conclusion. The authors believe that the reason for the failures of phenomenology lies in its excessive concentration on the very essence of nature and its objects, while the transformed world has not received an adequate philosophical interpretation, and its naturalness is dualistic (social and technological). The article examines the natural attitude in the sciences and attempts to rethink the ways of positing the world that may underlie regional ontologies.

Introduction. Tourism should be the driving force of the economy, creating jobs, contributing to the active lifestyle of the host communities. In this regard, the study of the formation of tourism development policy and destination management is undoubtedly relevant. The analysis of the relationship between the management of tourist destinations and the recommendations of the tourism development policy is an under-researched aspect of the tourist destination management. The purpose of this article is to study the management of destinations in the context of shaping regional tourism policy. 

Methodology and sources. The methodology of the article is based on conceptual sociological provisions on the management of tourist destinations, based on a wide range of authors and well-established sociological theories. The key influences include the ideas of strategic coordination, cooperation of interest groups and the concept of sustainable development in tourism management. 

Results and discussion. The article examines the relationship and defines the concepts of “tourism policy” and “destination management”. The relationship is expressed in the fact that destination management as an instrument of regional tourism development policy implements the plans set by that policy. The management of a tourist destination operates at the operational and tactical levels, at the level of a specific place/ locality. Tourism policy is the collective guiding principles, strategies, and rules that are used by governments and organizations to manage the tourism industry. Policy creates a structure within which destinations are managed. 

Conclusion. Tourist destination management is a key tool of regional tourism policy, coordinating all aspects of a tourist destination to ensure its sustainability and competitiveness. It involves the joint efforts of stakeholders such as business, government and the community. By integrating various management functions and aligning them with other regional strategies such as transportation development and environmental protection, tourist destination management can create a holistic and high-quality visitor experience while supporting the local community.

Introduction. The article discusses the genesis and content of the formation of sociological explanation of music as an element of culture and of the sociological perspective as a paradigm of social and cultural study of music. Research in this area of sociological knowledge has evolved from understanding music “in general” as the highest abstraction and attributing it to the aesthetic realm of perception to questions about how musical structures and practices reflect, model, or resonate with the identities, experiences, or structural positions of social classes, genders, and ethnic groups.

Methodology and sources. Critical theory (P. Bourdieu), interactionism, constructivism (P. Berger, T. Luckmann, E. Chester, W. Straw) constitute the methodology and theory. Within the constructivist paradigm, such social categories as class, sex, ethnicity, age, subculture, counterculture, identity, gender and so on were introduced into the sociological field of music researchers. This made it possible to fill the subject area of sociology of music with a variety of substantive meanings and thus substantiate the expediency of this branch of sociological knowledge.

Results and discussion. Understanding a work of art, particularly music, in all its manifestations, as mediations (“mediation”) means considering the work in all the details of the gestures, people, habits, materials, spaces, languages, and institutions it inhabits. No work of art is actualized for an individual as a social beings without accumulated forms of mediation – styles, grammars, systems of taste, programs, concert halls, schools, entrepreneurs, and so on.

Conclusion. The theme of mediation as an empirical means of revealing the sequential development of a work and its perception (for the sociologist) reopens the “work-taste dualism”, which represents an attempt to overcome a conflict of views: on the one hand, works remain at the disposal of aestheticians and musicologists, and on the other hand, sociological judgment, that reduces music to ritual. At this point, the formation, functioning and transmission of links between the features of a musical work and social groups should be the main subject of the sociology of music, since in this case we observe dialogue and reconciliation between the two opposing views. 

Introduction. The article addresses a relevant sociological problem concerning the transformation of the foundations of mass society under the influence of digital platformization. Although the phenomenon of mass society continues to be widely studied in the social sciences, the problem of its qualitative changes resulting from the development of platform capitalism and algorithmic management remains insufficiently developed.

Methodology and sources. The research presents a theoretical analysis of the mass phenomenon, drawing on an interdisciplinary approach that integrates insights from social philosophy, cultural studies, media studies, and the economics of digital platforms. Basic concepts of the mass are drawn from the works of H. Blumer, E. Fromm, and J. Baudrillard; the analysis of mass society's evolution is conducted through the works of K. Mannheim,  K. Jaspers, G. Ritzer, V.I. Ilyin, and other Russian and foreign scholars; the digital transformation of mass society is examined through N. Srnicek's platform capitalism concept and A. Hepp and N. Couldry's theory of deep mediatization.

Results and discussion. The research demonstrates that the mechanisms of mass integration and control through attention management persist into the new digital era but undergo technological optimization. The three basic components of mass society – production, consumption, and culture-have been restructured on a platform basis. In production, post-Fordist flexibility and automation combine with algorithmic surveillance of a precarious workforce. Digital-era consumption is structured so that while maintaining a mass scale, it creates an impression of individualized service, simultaneously transforming user attention into the most important economic resource. The demassification of culture reproduces the logic of mass society at a new level, where atomized units become not only individuals but also niche communities that form a “mass” of parallel cultures.

Conclusion. Mass society in the digital era creates a paradoxical combination of massification and personalization, where the sense of freedom of choice masks new forms of control through recommendation algorithms and platform dependence. Platform mass society represents the evolution of industrial mass society under conditions of deep mediatization and digital algorithmic governance.

Introduction. In the field of second language acquisition, there has been sufficient research to demonstrate the challenges faced by cross-linguistic phonetic learning, but the dynamic relationship between Chinese learners' perception and production of Russian plosives has not been fully explored. This study aims to investigate the perception and production patterns of Russian plosives among Chinese L2 learners, with a focus on exploring the influence of proficiency level, articulatory position, and contextual factors on acquisition outcomes. 

Methodology and sources. This study conducted a perception and production experiment involving 40 Chinese Russian language learners and 5 native Russian speakers, using Praat speech analysis and R language visualization analysis to measure the voice onset time (VOT) through acoustic measurements. 

Results and discussion. Research has found that there is a three-level difference in perceptual accuracy between labial plosives, alveolar plosives and soft palate plosives, with voiceless plosives being perceived better than voiced plosives; The performance of senior learners in dual tasks is significantly better than that of junior learners, confirming that learning experience has a promoting effect on the acquisition of Russian plosives; The error rate produced in flow of speech is higher than that of isolated words, reflecting the interference effect of semantic processing on plosive production. It is worth noting that the perception and production of voiceless plosives show a significant positive correlation, while voiced plosives exhibit a perception production separation pattern, which challenges the holistic view of traditional phonological processing. 

Conclusion. The above findings expand the “speech learning model” and establish a hierarchical effect based on pronunciation parts in the second language acquisition of plosives. At the same time, they provide empirical evidence for implementing pronunciation part sequence training strategies and contextualized training methods in Russian phonetic teaching.

Introduction. F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" belongs to world literature, and the presence of constantly published new translations testifies to the interest in it. The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of translations of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel “Crime and Punishment” in the diachronic aspect. This article assesses changes in the translation norm.

Methodology and sources. The research material was the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F.M. Dostoevsky, as well as translations into English by C. Garnett, D. McDuff, R. Pevear and L. Volokhonskaya. The following methods were used in the course of the work: comparative-contrastive, descriptive, and contextual.

Results and discussion. Early translations of the novel are characterized by ease of perception, but at the same time they lose markers of the original culture by neutralizing them and replacing them with markers of the receiving culture. Later translations demonstrate a conscious effort on the part of the translator to emphasize the work's belonging to another culture, as a result of which the text of the translation becomes more difficult to perceive: it abounds in transliterated elements and translation comments. A special case is demonstrated by translations that maintain a balance between domestication and foreignization, as a result of which the text of the translation retains cultural accuracy, readability and redundancy of descriptive elements (translation comments), which do not complicate the perception of the text, but bring the reader closer to the original culture.

Conclusion. The differences revealed in the linguocultural adaptation of culturally marked vocabulary demonstrate different attitudes towards the “visibility” and “invisibility” of the translator, however, during the study it was revealed that maintaining a balance between the two extremes allows one to generate a translation that is easy to perceive and retains foreign linguistic and cultural inclusions.

Introduction. The relevance of this study stems from linguistic interest in the cross-cultural description of conceptual value formations, including those of a universal nature, such as moral and ethical values. The novelty of this study lies in its identification of the culturally specific content of the value of "Loyalty/Devotion" in Arabic and English cultures.

Methodology and sources. The study utilized corpus linguistics and interpretive discourse analysis. The empirical basis for the study was the Leeds Corpus of Contemporary Arabic; the English corpora COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English); The British National Corpus (BNC1994; BNC2014) includes texts of various genres. Corpus methods were used to identify the frequency of lexical units representing the concept, describe their collocation profile, analyze contextual meanings, and define a cognitive-propositional model of value. Interpreting the results in the context of Max Weber's theory of social action revealed value implications reflecting behavior patterns characteristic of different linguistic cultures.

Results and discussion. It was established that in English linguistic culture, devotion/loyalty is correlated with Weber's goal-oriented rationality, is pragmatically determined, and is oriented toward an external demonstration of commitment, expressed through specific actions and compliance with institutional rules, norms, and laws. In the Arabic linguistic culture, which is oriented toward value-based and rational action, loyalty/devotion is based on intrinsic motivation and a sense of duty, which determine the value orientations of members of the discourse community.

Conclusion. The proposed methodology can be used in the analysis of other moral and ethical values in terms of their content and discursive-textual processing, as well as in the cross-cultural study of values to identify their universal and specific features. 

Introduction. The article presents a generalized overview of foreign scientific literature devoted to the scientific discourse research. The relevance of the analytical overview is explained by the increasing attention to discourse not only as a system with stable characteristics, but also as a dynamic process subject to change under the influence of external factors. The purpose of the paper is to present the main directions and concepts of applied linguistics, which explores scientific discourse, to identify gaps in existing research and to identify prospects for further study.

Methodology and sources. The paper analyzes the content of scientific publications of foreign scientists devoted to the study of scientific discourse. The sources are peer-reviewed journals and academic databases. The methodology is based on the systematization and comparative analysis of various linguistic concepts and theoretical approaches.

Results and discussion. The conducted review showed that despite the existing wide body of research on scientific discourse, the evolution of scientific communication is insufficiently studied. It is concluded that among the works devoted to the study of scientific discourse, there are works that either focus on analyzing the discourse features of scientific communication in a synchronic context, or emphasize a limited time period. However, to understand how scientific communication adapts to new requirements and circumstances, it is important to take into account not only static characteristics, but also the processes of evolution. In this regard, the study of scientific discourse in its dynamic development acquires special significance and novelty.

Conclusion. The conducted analytical overview opens up new perspectives for studying scientific discourse through the prism of a dynamic approach. The study of scientific discourse from a historical perspective is valuable in terms of identifying key socio-cultural factors influencing the transformation of textual realizations of discourse categories and features in different eras. This allows us to identify the specific discourse features typical for each specific historical period of the discourse existence. 

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of nominations referring to persons with disabilities in the modern German language. The aim of the study was to identify the main structural features of these nominations, their semantics and functioning across various discourse types. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the integrated approach to the study of nominations, combining linguistic and socially oriented parameters of analysis. The relevance of the study is due to the growing attention of society to issues of inclusion and the need to form a correct linguistic norm regarding the designation of persons with disabilities.

Methodology and sources. The methodological framework of the study is the cognitive, pragmatic and sociolinguistic approaches, allowing to consider the nomination as a result of the interaction of language and social representations. The empirical basis of the study is German-language texts of medical, legal and media discourses. The data were collected through continuous sampling from six publications about people with disabilities. The analysis includes the systematisation of the identified designations, the determination of their discursive functions and their interpretation within contemporary linguistic practice.

Results and discussion. The total number of extracted nominations was 209 units. The obtained results show that the analysed texts are dominated by neutral and inclusive nominations aimed at emphasising the individual rather than his/her health problems. Legal texts are dominated by nominations established by law, reflecting the legal status of persons with disabilities. Medical texts demonstrate a high level of detail in describing the disabilities of individuals, which is reflected in their designations. In media texts, a combination of neutral and evaluative nominations is observed, which is associated with the influence of social stereotypes and emotions.

Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the formation of an inclusive norm in the German language, focused on respectful and neutral designation of disability. Nominations serve as an important tool for representing individuals and reflect dynamic changes in society.