Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the attempts of political leaders of various types to build political communications in the new social reality - on the Internet. The material of the study was taken from the storytelling of the three leaders in social networks during the first attempts to create elements of symbolic politics. In the process of analyzing this narration, we asked ourselves: - How much is the traditional image of a particular political leader related to his reflection on social networks? The relevance of the author's approach lies in the analysis of storytelling as a tool for the formation of symbolic politics and social reality. Political leaders moved into a virtual environment following their target audiences.
Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is verification on practical material of socio-philosophical concepts and models of political analysts, cultural scientists, sociologists (P. Shtompki, V.A. Yadova, O.Yu. Malinova, G.L. Tulchinsky and others). The article uses narratives obtained from open access social networks. To clarify the formation of social reality, a comparative analysis of the narratives of public leaders regarding the creation of a space of symbolic politics was carried out.
Results and discussion. As a result of the study, theoretical models that describe the behavioral patterns of political leaders in the information society were verified. In the modern information society, the main focus is transferred to social networks, where the target audience of political figures spend their time. Political leaders follow their target audience in different ways by showing their presence on social networks, both quantitative and qualitative. As a result of the study, the distinctive features of storytelling of public politicians, the similarities and differences in the technologies for creating a full-fledged image of a leader in the mass consciousness of the target audience, the similarities and differences between the image of a political leader taking shape in traditional media and on the Internet are clarified.
Conclusion. In 2018, we observe the phenomenon of the entry into the space of social networks of politicians with the aim of event formation of elements of symbolic politics. In the study of storytelling as a process of forming public communications, the roles of sources and actors are defined. In today's digital society, social networks play a critical role in the processes of generating social reality. The mechanisms for the formation of narratives may require additional research, but now we can determine their impact on the political, socio-cultural and business environment.

Introduction. The paper deals with the philosophical problems of functioning of the most complex phenomena in the universe: creation of the universe, emergence of life and appearance of consciousness. The scientific timeliness of the research is determined by that unceasing interest to the origin of the universe and life in it. The most difficult problem is the origin of intelligence in the universe which is confirmed through the ongoing research in the SETI program. The scientific novelty of research is that the authors link three fundamental problems relates to the origins of complexity in the universe in a single intellectual cluster.

Methodology and sources. The analysis is based on the issues in modern cosmology, astrobiology and anthropology treated in the context of complex systems and their radical sensitivity to the uncontrolled initial conditions. In particular, one implies the so called “fine-tuning” of the cosmological parameters necessary for the origin of life on the planet Earth. The hypothetical deviation of the numerical values of such parameters by, let say some per cents, would exclude the development of the biological systems. However the sphere of the necessary conditions for these parameters does not guarantee the fulfillment of the sufficient conditions for creation complexity and a possibility of life. Such conditions are not determined by the physical and biological context and make inevitable an appeal for their interpretation to philosophical ideas. The methodological foundation of this research is based in finding the boundaries of efficiency of the necessary conditions for emergence of complexity and attempts to provide in some cases an interpretation of the possible sufficient conditions.

Results and discussion. It is shown that it is impossible to account on scientific grounds for the original conditions which launched creation of the universe, emergence of life and appearance of consciousness. Scientifically, one can formulate the necessary conditions for existence of life in the universe and hence the embodied consciousness, however it is beyond the reach of science to account for the sufficient conditions. One simple model of origin of life illustrating the dependence of its phenomenon on the uncontrolled sufficient conditions is proposed on the grounds of analogy with Bernard’s instability in complex systems. If one identifies such phenomena as existence of the universe, biological and intelligent life with the behavior in super-complex material systems, there still remains a fundamental problem in unpredictability and contingency of those “initial” conditions which predetermined the factual outcomes in evolution of these complex systems. In other words science faces a fundamental limitedness in describing the sufficient conditions (sufficient reason) for those forms of complexity in nature with which this article deals.

Conclusion. A scientific description of the most complex phenomena such as the universe as a whole, biological and intelligent life demonstrate its limited scope as regards the sufficient conditions for their happening. In this sense an exhaustive understanding of these phenomena becomes fundamentally impossible, showing that science functions in the conditions of the positive uncertainty.

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the values that highlight terminal value orientations that determine the criteria for a young person's attitude to social life. Basic axiological settings play a key role in the processes of situation assessment, individual self-regulation while choosing and implementing a proper form of behavior. The aim of our research is analyzing the structure of the value system of young people by age and gender. The research objectives include identifying the value priorities of youth at the age of 15 to 17, which form the basis for constructing life strategies in social adaptation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the specifics of researching the axiology of social adaptation, due to the measured parameters of the motivational structure of the personality and interdisciplinary research.

Methodology and sources. The research is conducted on the theoretical basis of social philosophy and psychology within the framework of the activity concept of the personality, using comparative analysis, psychological testing methods and standardized self-reports according to the questionnaire “Terminal Values” by I. G. Senin. The research was conducted in St. Petersburg in May 2019, 64 respondents aged 15–17 years took participation in the empirical research, of which 38 were boys and 26 were girls.

Results and discussion. Young people in the reference group present empirical findings in the structural diagram that demonstrates the average level of the basic values expression.
This corresponds to the person's inherent style of adaptive behavior in social sphere of his or her life world. It is found that in the system of terminal values for both boys and girls, common priority is given to spiritual gratification in the implementation of life plans (33 %). 27 % of young men surveyed in social adaptation are value-oriented to preserve their own individuality. A comparative analysis of the value priorities for boys and girls shows the difference in life strategy motivation. Among the young people in the reference group, target orientations on their own prestige, active social communication and spiritual gratification are of higher significance in the processes of social adaptation.

Conclusion. In conclusion, we can note a clearly expressed axiological orientation of youth on the value of family relations, with which both boys and girls associate the formation of their intellectual and communicative potential of life strategies in social adaptation. The results of this research are important for the research of basic axiological attitudes, and the distinguished types of value orientations allow us to outline programs for the formation of social adaptation, as well as reflection on the meaning of the realization of goals.

Introduction. Collective memory research helps to uncover the deeply imbedded meaning of the past in the present, to follow the identity development process in various communities, to find narrative structures that define societal foundations. Simultaneously, such research can be complicated from the empirical point of view. The scientific novelty of the given article lies in the fact that theoretical and methodological approaches to collective memory research have not yet been summarized and systematized up to this date. The goal of this research is to provide such a review and determine the most valid research methods in Memory Studies. The relevance of the presented research is determined by the fact that the proposition of a methodological apparatus for Memory Studies is necessary for the finalization of its formation as an independent discipline.

Methodology and sources. Collective memory theory served as the theoretical-methodological foundation of the conducted research, it allowed to view the past not as a set given but as an object undergoing interpretation and representation. Such academics as M. Halbwachs, M. Bloch, A. Warburg, Jan and Aleida Assmann, J. Olick, A. Erll and others developed the following theory. A range of scientists dedicated their work to the discovery of collective memory research methods, among them M. Bulanova, W. Kansteiner, A. Erll, B. Zelizer, A. Confino, T. Kapitonova, V. Belokrylova, etc. J. Olick made a considerable impact into the understanding of the given issue, having suggested to view memory as a process developing in time, which required to define the methods of analysis that would be able to take this characteristic into account. However, a complete list as well as a general system and classification of methods have not been developed in the academic literature up to the present day. Having appeared at an intersection of various humanities and social sciences, Memory Studies adopts empirical research methods from Sociology, Political science, Culture Studies, Psychology, Media Studies, Visual Studies, etc. In course of the presented research, the relevant empirical research works in the Memory Studies field by international and Russian authors have been analyzed, we considered the research carried out by Ch. Lindt, A. Vasil'ev, T. Emel'yanova, A. Timofeeva, V. Kasamara, E. Hakokongas, E. Keightley, M. Meyers, B. Zelizer, and others. That allowed us to determine the most frequently applied collective memory research methods, to compile their overview and develop the author classification of the used methods.

Results and discussion. An overview of key theoretical approaches to collective memory research was provided. They include functional, phenomenological, post-structural, social-historical and information approaches. J. Olick enriched the list of five theoretical approaches suggested by M. Bulanova by introducing the process-relativist approach to studying collective memory. The main research methods applied in Memory Studies were outlined; moreover, a classification of key disciplinary traditions that academics turn to in memory research was introduced featuring sociological, psychological, information, cultural and historical traditions as well as a separate branch of Computer Sciences.

Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, a systematic overview and an author's classification of theoretical-methodological approaches to collective memory analysis were introduced. The findings of the given research can be implemented by a range of academics working on the issues of group identity building, ways of working with contested past, historical events representation in the present, the functioning of memory communities, etc. The defining of the methodological apparatus of Memory studies serves as a moving force for the effective development, generalization and bringing to a common understanding the further research of collective memory structures formation and distribution as well as concepts related to it.

Introduction. The paper deals with the evolution of “fake-news” and “post-truth” in the digital society, which can be qualified as simulations of virtual space. The authors formulate a hypothesis that disclosure of the features of social evolution of “fake news” and “post truth” as political simulaсra is possible on the basis of a multi-paradigm approach that combines the explanatory potential of sociology of communication, political sociology, systemic, interactive approach, concepts of cultivation and agenda.

Methodology and sources. The methodological basis is a multi-paradigm approach to the study of “fake news” and “post truth” as “simulacras” of virtual space, distributed mainly "on the World Wide Web" in the form of deliberately false or distorting messages, memes, posts, repost, tweets, retweets, trolling, etc., allowing to unite heuristic possibilities of system-sociological and interactive approaches, theory of communicative action, concepts of cultivation and agenda.

Results and discussion. The authors argue that “fake news” as an information unit of mainly political and communicative space is a natural product of digitalization development, which arises from the “post truth”. Today the artificial construction of political news has a practical impact on the behavior of businessmen, public figures, political leaders, etc., as well as to influence the real socio-economic processes and political and legal sphere on a global scale. The problem of belief in "fake news" is considered, the study of which, based on multi-paradigm methodology, allows to reveal it properly and find possible solutions.

Conclusion. Consideration of the evolution of “fake news” and “post truth” in digital society shows that they act as certain political simulacras of virtual space with using the manipulative technologies. “Fake-news” and “posttruth” pose a threat to society as a whole, create “obstacles” for their study and complicate communicative interaction, replacing real socio-political communications and tangible political actions with their imitation in virtual space or, for example, as a politically convenient truth, form a certain synthetic simulacrum in political-communicative practice, which combines PR-shows and media manipulations.

Introduction. The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the views on transhumanism (TH), presented in the modern discourse, and conceptual approaches to assessing the consequences of its spread. The relevance of the sociological analysis of TH is determined by the intensity of discussions and the inconsistency of its assessments in social media and the expert community, the growth of its international influence and the threats of the implementation of new norms set by the ideology of TH. The scientific novelty of the work consists in a typological interpretation of the concept of TH in its activity and information and communication aspects.

Methodology and sources. In the work the results of studies presented in domestic and foreign publications on TH are used, as well as the materials of the public pages of the online communities Transhumanism and Transhumanism Without Borders in the social networks VKontakte and LiveJournal. Explanatory models of classical and non-classical sociology are involved: the theory of imitation of G. Tarde, the sociocultural approach of E. Durkheim, the structural-functional analysis of T. Parsons, the genealogical analysis of M. Foucault, the theory of rationality of J. Habermas. The historical-genetic method is used, which is adequate to the individualizing nature of socio-historical knowledge.

Results and discussion. TH is a new global ideology that configures images of the social world dating back to archaic myths with representations of a synthetic theory of evolution, technoscience, and social philosophy. TH is an ideology adequate to the conditions that gave rise to it and a new type of social subject: weakening nation-states and the formation of the information contour of global society, a new communication infrastructure as a space for universal material and spiritual exchange, a new social subject – “communities” mobilized to fight for personal rights and self-determination in the anthropological field. The lifestyle constructed in the experimental mode is given a normative value. TH meets the imperative of globalization as a cultural ideology, since it interprets culture as a universe of methods, tools, and technologies that allow a person to rationally influence himself. Rationality in the TH is the highest value, a criterion for assessing and selecting the normative constructions of the future, developed by communities (minorities), which are underlined by features of ethnicity and cultural and historical identity.

Critical arguments and polemics with TH in religious discourse are examined. The ideological status of TH is discussed. There is a radicalization in the TH of the ideas of liberalism and communism. TH is being studied as a platform uniting the ideological subcultures of communities oriented toward “rationality”, the analysis of which draws on the potential of non-classical sociology.

Conclusion. TH is a utopia in a specific sense: it is a socio-anthropological practice, represented in the theoretical consciousness as an image of the future, and in practical terms as an experimental present. We must evaluate the social consequences of the spread of the ideology of TH at the same time by methods of historical analysis and futuristic modeling.

Introduction. Using the method of social mapping of urban space in the study of youth from the Republic of Dagestan living in St. Petersburg, the author attempts to create the map of the resettlement of Dagestan youth. The author also considers factors affecting the geography of resettlement: economic, discrimination against migrants from the Caucasus during attempts to rent a flat, attracting “self-networks” to search for housing, etc. The main research goal is to understand whether there is the phenomenon of compact residence of migrants from Dagestan in St. Petersburg.

Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the research consists of the following approaches: socio-ecological (R. Park, E. Burgess), sociospatial (C. Booth, O. Trushchenko), constructivist (B. Anderson, R. Brubaker). The possibilities and limitations of the tools used in mapping urban space are examined: it is concluded that a questionnaire is best suited for the study of highly mobile groups of the population, such as internal migrants, and despite the impossibility of calculating the general totality.

Results and discussion. The resettlement map of Dagestan youth reflects the peripheral type of residence in actively built up outlying districts, thereby real estate rental prices in these areas are the lowest in the city, and the tendency of resettlement compactness was recorded, including depending on the place of departure. A high degree of closeness of the environment was revealed – 73,3 % of respondents faced a biased attitude due to their national / religious affiliation when trying to rent an apartment. In a “closed” environment, migrants are forced to turn to more effective mechanisms of primary groups and seek housing through social networks (that is, real people and the Internet).

Conclusion. Despite the well-established opinion of experts, that the local residence of migrants is undesirable and even dangerous, since the load on the social sphere is increasing, the district’s infrastructure is changing, acquiring features that are not characteristic of the majority living, the number of conflicts, etc., Nevertheless, this process is not controlled by the state in any way: newcomers rent apartments or buy housing in areas with the lowest prices, thus, the localization of migrants' residence is a natural process occurs by itself.

Introduction. The article continues the series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter R–linguistics) and is devoted to an introduction to the logic of natural language in relation to the approach considered in the series. The problem of natural language logic still remains relevant, since this logic differs significantly from traditional mathematical logic. Moreover, with the appearance of artificial intelligence systems, the importance of this problem only increases. The article analyzes logical problems that prevent the application of classical logic methods to natural languages. This is possible because R-linguistics forms the semantics of a language in the form of world model structures in which language sentences are interpreted.

Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics, the formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used.

Results and discussion. The problems that arise when studying the logic of natural language in the framework of R–linguistics are analyzed. These issues are discussed in three aspects: the logical aspect itself; the linguistic aspect; the aspect of correlation with reality. A very General approach to language semantics is considered and semantic axioms of the language are formulated. The problems of the language and its logic related to the most General view of semantics are shown.

Conclusion. It is shown that the application of mathematical logic, regardless of its type, to the study of natural language logic faces significant problems. This is a consequence of the inconsistency of existing approaches with the world model. But it is the coherence with the world model that allows us to build a new logical approach. Matching with the model means a semantic approach to logic. Even the most General view of semantics allows to formulate important results about the properties of languages that lack meaning. The simplest examples of semantic interpretation of traditional logic demonstrate its semantic problems (primarily related to negation).

Introduction. Erratology is a new section of linguistics related to the study of different mistakes. Erratology in the sphere of translation is of particular practical interest since translation errors have a particularly strong effect on areas not even related to linguistics.

Methodology and sources. The author analyzed the results of the final test task and developed a typology of the main mistakes of novice technical translators. The classification was not based on a single principle; instead, a comprehensive approach was used. The final classification includes the following types: speech errors, semantic errors, incoherent sentences, terminological errors (incorrect terms and non-unified use of terms), omissions, grammatical errors, misprints, punctuation errors. Since 2014, the author has been conducting e-learning courses on the theory and practice of technical translation for novice and experienced translators who want to improve their skills. Most of the course students were already engaged in translations or planned to start translation activities. For 4 years, 60 people completed most of their homework and the final test task (translation of a technical, medical or legal text (2500 characters with spaces)). The results of the final test task were analyzed and the main types of errors of novice technical translators were identified.

Results and discussion. The resulting distribution of the error types is the following: speech errors – 47; semantic errors – 19; incorrect terms – 13; not unified use of terms – 13; omissions – 11; grammatical errors – 7; not unified expression of obligation – 7; misprints – 5; incoherent sentences – 4. The domination of speech errors is caused by a low level of philological literacy of modern Russian society as well as by the removal of proofreaders and editors from the publication process due to cost reduction. Semantic errors are caused by an insufficient level of knowledge in a particular field of knowledge. Other errors are stipulated because of a lack of self-control skills.

Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the test works of novice translators, a practical typology of translation errors was developed. As can be seen from the analyzed examples, all the errors of novice translators can be described using the rule of three “I": inattention, ignorance, inexperience.

Introduction. This article is based on the results of a comparison of a number of Serbo-Croatian/Slovenian lexemes with a palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] and Western Slavic lexemes with a velarized lateral approximant [ɫ] with related lexemes in Slavic and other Indo-European (IE) languages. It is shown that the Balkan-Slavic [ʎ] irregularly corresponds to the phonemes [l'] and [j] of other Slavic languages and even some IE languages beyond the Slavic group. It is also shown that the West Slavic [ɫ] irregularly corresponds to the phonemes [l] and [w]/[v] of other Slavic and IE languages. Because of this irregularity, these phonetic correspondences are difficult to explain with local dialect features.

Methodology and sources. A model based on the generalization of instrumental studies that showed that palatal sounds are characterized by instability of articulation is proposed. This leads to their divergent evolution, transformation into sounds with different stable zones of articulation.

In the proposed model, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced lateral approximants *[ɫ] and *[ʎ], forming the opposition "hard consonant - soft consonant", in the process of phonetic evolution in IE languages were split into variants with a clearer articulation: velarized *[ɫ] > solid alveolar lateral [l] and bilabial fricative [w]; palatal *[ʎ] > soft alveolar lateral [l'] and palatal approximant [j]. Besides, the original consonants have survived in a number of languages.

Results and discussion. Examples of correspondences are given to suggest the presence of *[ɫ] and *[ʎ] in PIE and Common Slavic prototypes. The newly discovered etymological links, such as the links between Russian lexemes баня 'bath' and балий, бальник 'healer, sorcerer' are being discussed.

Conclusion. With the help of the mechanism of divergent evolution of the palatal lateral approximant *[ʎ] and the velarized lateral approximant *[ɫ] the irregularity of phonetic correspondences of voiced lateral approximants in Slavic languages can be uniformly explained.

Besides, the acceptance of *[ʎ] and *[ɫ] in PIE phonology also lets us to establish some previously undetected etymological relations.

Introduction. The paper reviews dynamics of language feminisation and inclusive writing emergence in the context of social change in Russia and France, identification of common patterns for the languages of the countries, adaptation difficulties of new elaborated spelling and punctuation rules, as well as indentification of sources of resistance to gender reforms in languages considered. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the growing interest of sociolinguists to the issues under consideration and by the importance of scientific record of changes in Russian and French against the backdrop of gender processes of recent years (the analysed material covers the period from 2017 to 2020). The features of direct correlation between social and language changes are reviewed not only within the context of language feminisation and feminism relationship, but also regarding historical aspects.

Methodology and data sources. The study was conducted using the materials of French and Russian Internet articles, legal acts gouverning gender linguistic issues in France, statistical research data, explanatory and etymological dictionaries, Russian National Corpus, inclusive writing Instructional materials, video footages, official statements, interviews. During the selection of language material continuous sampling technique was applied; the analysis of the instances was carried out using both synchronic and diachronic approaches, allowing to look at the historical development of the languages in terms of containing feminitives. The study of language processes is carried out within the framework of sociolinguistic approach. The main methodology of language feminisation and inclusive writing study included comparative, descriptive, stylistic, and semantic- syntactic analysis.

Results and discussion. The main result of the study is a review of the gender linguistic features of French and Russian. The collected and analysed language material allowed to draw the conclusion about an ongoing predominance of masculine grammatical gender over feminine in cases where using feminine grammatical gender would be reasonable and logically sound. Legal acts gouverning the use of feminitives and inclusive writing were also looked at. An inconsistency between language norm and current society needs, as well as the existence of misconception of feminist movement within society and misinterpretation of its objectives, including those related to language feminisation, are identified.

Conclusion. Language is a social phenomenon that provides members of society with successful communication. Over the years people have been observing language changes that may have at first be prejudiced or may have faced rejections, but relented over time and became imperceptible and natural for native speakers. The feminisation of language is a logical process that meets civil, political and personal needs of 21st century people.