Introduction. The article examines the conditions of relatively high/low loyalty of ‘subordinates’ (subjects of loyalty) to ‘superiors’ (objects of loyalty) in various institutional contexts. Loyalty is considered as a variable that includes different levels of support or challenge by subordinates to the authority of their superiors. Based on the Neoveberian approach, there has been put forward a hypothesis about the factors that strengthen loyalty: the stronger the authority ensures the basic social needs of subordinates – security, social status and income – the higher their loyalty.

Methodology and sources. The conditions of loyalty are studied by comparing contrasting cases of high (Ostsee knighthood (Baltic knighthoods), Siberian and later Don Cossacks, Belarusian late Soviet elite) and low loyalty (Yaik and early Don Cossacks, early Georgian aristocracy, Lithuanian late Soviet elite).

Results and discussion. Basic social needs are satisfied by three structures: a) hierarchical military and civil-bureaucratic institutions; b) patron-client networks; c) self-governing egalitarian communities. Socialization in the military-bureaucratic institutions of the civil service provides a relatively high level of loyalty to state power and is most preferred by the elites. Elite representatives` preference for patron-client networks and egalitarian communities is caused by the costs of military-bureaucratic institutions, in particular, a shortage of prestigious positions. The prestigious consumption as a demonstration of high status, maintaining an acceptable level of well-being, prestige and security acceptable after retirement/in addition to salary reduce these costs.

Conclusion. The higher the level of subjects' loyalty to the objects of loyalty, the shorter the period of stay in prestigious positions, the higher the cultural, social, and linguistic distance between the subjects of loyalty and the social environment, and the level of influence, power, and wealth of individual subjects of loyalty is significantly lower than that of the object of loyalty.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of the correlation between moral and epistemic responsibility. As a concrete example of the concept that takes into account the interrelation between the two forms of responsibility under consideration, the 'principle of distrust of thoughts' formulated in the articles by A.S. Mishura and S.M. Levin is given. The aim of the article is to analyze this principle and the arguments in its favor, as well as to clarify the distinction between moral and epistemic responsibility.

Methodology and sources. The author uses the method of conceptual analysis to solve the research problem. The main sources of the work are articles by A.S. Mishura and S.M. Levin. Auxiliary sources include the works of authors belonging to the analytic philosophical tradition.

Results and discussion. The article analyses two possible forms of responsibility: epistemic and moral. Two possible types of definitions of the word «responsibility» are considered. Descriptive ones involve the formulation of conditions necessary for the possibility of reacting to the agent's actions or beliefs. Prescriptive ones involve criteria for judging an agent, their actions, or their beliefs as deserving of reward or blame. The principle of thought disbelief, advocated by A.S. Mishura and S.M. Levin, suggests that in certain situations it is morally responsible to reject evidence in favor of the truth of certain beliefs. The weakness of the articles analyzed is that the examples do not help to clarify the causal link between a true belief and a morally corrupt act.

Conclusion. The article doubts that A.S. Mishura and S.M. Levin have been able to demonstrate clearly and convincingly the relationship between an agent's true beliefs and their morally corrupt actions. In the author's view, the examples given by S.M. Levin could be reduced to a choice between alternative interpretations of moral responsibility, rather than a choice between moral and epistemic responsibility.

Introduction. This article substantiates the possibility of semiological analysis in relation to ideology on the basis of the semiological theory of R. Barthes. The subject of the study is ideology as a sign system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of semiological analysis of ideology. The hypothesis of the study is that ideology is a sign system similar to mythology.

Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on the semiological theory of R. Barthes. The social theories of K. Marx and T. Parsons are used to analyze ideology and its influence on society and social action.

Results and discussion. The influence of ideology on society and social action is a fait accompli. Ideology in this study is defined as a set of ideas and beliefs that express the interests of certain social groups. Ideology is such knowledge that has a political and socio-practical character. Ideological values and norms are an integral part of the behavior of social groups in society and determine it. The semiological dimension of ideology is the expression of such norms and values in social space and communications. The article provides an interpretation of social action taking into account ideological attitudes that determine its political character.

Conclusion. The main conclusion of this study is that ideology is embodied in the social space and serves as a tool to explain the interests of certain social groups, on the basis of which the corresponding semiology is formed, specifically peculiar to the actors of social action. The meaning and sense of ideological norms and values in society, being an integral component of social action, are expressed with the help of ideological semiology.

Introduction. In fact, any ideological or methodological construction represents a certain system of knowledge, including initial concepts, rules for constructing statements and conclusions of derivative judgments, which, after the necessary discussion and confirmation, take the form of a universal belief. The methodology for developing unified prolegomena in the description of the modern educational space, stated in world socio-political philosophy and in the philosophy of education, meets similar criteria. This need requires clarifying how and in what way, with the help of rational philosophical thought, it is possible and necessary to develop a methodology that unites the categorical apparatus of numerous educational systems.

Methodology and sources. The description of the unified categorical foundations of the educational space is carried out in the ontological, epistemological and axiological content of the priorities represented by the modern educational space.

Results and discussion. The methodology of globalism in social philosophy and in the philosophy of education is theoretically organized and hierarchized. In general, it includes the interests and needs, meanings and values of the subjects of knowledge. The discovery of fundamental guidelines in the ontological, epistemological and axiological priorities of philosophical and educational discourse in matters of building a global educational space necessitates a critical philosophical assessment of globalization theoretical and methodological approaches from the point of view of the socio-noospheric methodology of cognition. This is important when developing unified categorical frameworks for describing the educational space.

Conclusion. The methodological potential of the philosophy of education as a humanistic basis for the development of humankind has high heuristic significance in the aspect of the dialectics of the media space with the possibilities of education integrated into it. A single categorical space, framed in the methodology of ontology, epistemology and axiology of education, in practical implementation is capable of being projected into the mass world perception and worldview, based on the in-depth development of the socio-noospheric methodology of the educational space.

Introduction. The article presents the rationale for identifying a special subject area in human-machine communication research – studying it as a social role interaction. Key provisions for describing the relational mechanism for the emergence of social roles in the performance of human-machine communication agents are formulated. Data on expert examinations of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in human-machine communication are used.

Methodology and sources. The study is based on the relational paradigm of explaining the nature of the phenomenon of social roles in human-machine communication, arising and constructed exclusively in the space of their interactions. For conceptualization, the concepts of social role, role simulation, role imitation, imitation, assimilation, relation, situational action are proposed. Expert reports on the study of human communications with artificial intelligence devices were used as sources.

Results and discussion. It has been established that human social roles and machine functions are formed in the process of mutual simulation, imitation, emulation and assimilation taking into account the situation. A person as a communicator is included in the performance of two roles, but performs one of them, which arises in communication. Two roles are combined into one – a social role, which can be performed only by both participants together and in a special hybrid format of communication. The nature of the sociality of these roles is in the communication situation.

Conclusion. The relational mechanism of the emergence of social roles in the performance of a person and a machine is manifested in a change in human behavior and a modification of machine functions. When performing social roles, technomorphization of human behavior and anthropo(socio)morphization of machine functioning occur. A person rethinks the role of a communicator, changing its meaning upon contact with the technical form of activity of the machine-communicator. The role turns into a synthesis of anthropo- and technomorphic manifestations. The machine begins to be present as an agent and declares itself by demands to take into account its specificity. A person strives not to lose the social basis of his their behavior, and at the same time is forced to adapt to the options of the machine.

Introduction. The article analyzes a relatively new hobby for elderly: participation as models in fashion shows. According to the pension legislation of Russia at the time of the interview, older people are women over 55 and men 60 years old. Objective of the research: to show the opportunities that appear by participation in fashion shows that contribute to active longevity.

Methodology and sources. A total of 32 interviews were conducted with older Muscovites who have ever participated (or are currently participating) in the Moscow Longevity program. The author did not intend to obtain information about their passion for fashion and participation in fashion shows, and there was no question touching this topic. However, the answers periodically arose on their own. A secondary analysis of available publications on the topic of the study, a comparative analysis and generalization of data, and an analysis of statistics were also conducted.

Results and discussion. During interviews with seniors, the author recorded opportunities that contribute active longevity, which are manifested through passion for fashion. Many hours of rehearsals, constant classes in modeling have a positive effect on shape and even help to lose weight, improve health. Removing clamps in the body and acquiring photo posing skills contribute to a new perception of oneself and greater confidence, and motivate the development. A new style and beautiful photographs appear, as a memory of the time spent; creative qualities are revealed and a community of interests is formed. Elderly feel their importance, visibility for society, admit that they have fulfilled the dream of childhood and/or youth.

Conclusion. Informants noted that they began to look and feel younger. The acquired skills and the first results, in feeling different, not like in common life, set the vector of further development, new plans and life horizons appear, contributing to active longevity.

Introduction. The institutionalization of social media as the main communicative area of modern life forces political parties to be involved in new formats of interaction with the audience. The spread of populism, made possible thanks to new technologies, can be considered today as a kind of aggressive Internet promotion of party slogans and ideologies. The development and improvement of such methods of influencing remains an important problem that requires scientific analysis. In this article, the peculiarities of social media use in political communications of right-wing parties in Sweden became the subject of the research.

Methodology and sources. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the functional (K. Lawson) and ideological (K. von Beyme) approaches to the study of political parties. Empirical data collected in online communities were processed using content analysis and qualitative-quantitative analysis methods. A software product using Python was written to collect the information, interacting with online resources using requests and pandas libraries. The obtained data allowed us to calculate the engagement ratio (ER) and the attractiveness ratio of online communities (LR) to capture feedback on publications.

Results and discussion. In the context of political events between 2021 and 2022, the Sweden Democrats and Christian Democrats parties focused on a populist agenda, addressing crime, the crisis of multiculturalism, the consequences of the Covid-19 epidemic and public dissatisfaction with migration policy, which eventually led to an increase in the popularity of right-conservative parties, as evidenced by the results of the parliamentary elections

Conclusion. A comprehensive content analysis of Swedish right-wing parties' online communities allowed us to examine the digital footprints of social media publications and to identify and rank by frequency the lexemes used to influence the audience. Based on the findings, influence techniques were identified that contributed to the Swedish electorate's growing interest in right-conservative ideas.

Introduction. Mastering managerial communication technologies by engineering students is one of the important conditions for building a career. At the same time, not all graduates of engineering faculties have such practical skills. To a large extent, this circumstance is due to the lack of diagnostic methods for the success of mastering such methods.

Methodology and sources. The theoretical framework of the empirical research methodology is based on the ideas of interactionist concepts of communication, including the works of I. Hoffman, D. Mead and G. Garfinkel, as well as the theories of ritual interaction by R. Collins and emotional intelligence by D. Turner. The V.J. Reddy questionnaire, which is adapted to the interests of the study, was used as a basic diagnostic technology toolkit.

Results and discussion. The results obtained can be represented by three main conclusions: firstly, the greatest unity of perception of managerial communication methods characterizes the desire to ensure emotional comfort of communication; secondly, the next level of unity in the perception of communication technologies is focused on rational leadership; thirdly, the lowest level of unity includes controversial communication techniques that are understood differently by respondents.

Conclusion. The formation of a methodology for diagnosing managerial communication technologies has a good prospect in terms of diagnosing the communication characteristics of students of various training profiles, as well as the perception of managerial communication by students from different countries studying at Russian universities.

Introduction. The article analyzes various approaches to studying Internet memes as key elements of modern media communication. It highlights the need for a comprehensive description of memes, considering their continuous evolution.

Methodology and sources. The study is based on works in cognitive linguistics, philosophy, and media communications, focusing on the evolution and function of memes. The research employs an analytical review of literature on meme definition, typology, and roles in socio-cultural and online communication.

Results and discussion. Research in memetics and media communication emphasizes the importance of distinguishing “meme” from “Internet meme”, as the latter represents a polycode text within the broader concept of memes. Internet memes play a key role in reflecting linguistic and cultural changes but remain difficult to classify due to their variability. Effective study methods include digital, visual, and discourse analysis, along with construction grammar, to account for their multimodal nature. A significant research focus is the development of meme typologies based on their functions in political, advertising, scientific, and everyday discourse, as well as their continuously evolving formation trends."

Conclusion. The prospects for studying Internet memes include conceptualization of intertextuality and examining the mechanisms of meme reutilization. The rapid variability of the verbal and non-verbal components of Internet memes, the high frequency use of intertextual references and intentionally distorted lexical and grammatical structures make it relevant to study the functioning of intertext and the formation of productive models and language patterns in Internet memes.

Introduction. The article examines the role of an agent of therapeutic influence and analyzes the features of discourses of helping professions (with their agents: psychologist, psychotherapist, doctor, teacher, shaman, lawyer) in modern therapeutic practices with clients in situations of various types of assistance. The purpose of this article is to analyze the varieties of the language of discourses of helping professions. The Russian linguist V.I. Karasik distinguishes medical discourse in the institutional discourses, and considers psychotherapeutic one as its variety. Meanwhile, at the present stage of the development of discourse analysis, it is possible to supplement some tactics and linguistic approaches to clients in the discourses of helping professions (DHP) in connection with the new paradigm of natural sciences – the complex consideration of a man as a biosocial, mass, cosmic being. Hence, therapists show the deep interest in the most ancient archaic types of discourse – magical, meditative, religious, etc.

Methodology and sources. The article is based on the main provisions of the theories of V.I. Karasik and Ten van Dijk. The methodological basis of the analysis carried out in the article were scientific works that deal with psychotherapeutic discourse (A.R. Markin, M.S. Grineva, E.V. Ermolaeva), medical one (M. Foucault, V.V. Zhura, O.A. Shesterikova, V.G. Silantieva), law discourse (M. Foucault, V.G. Ishchenko, M.S. Medvedeva, S.A. Zimina), pedagogical (E.T. Bulgakova, K.A. Vospishcheva, L.M. Osinovskaya), magical (G. Storms and F. Grandon, E.G. Ermolaeva, M.L. Cameron), meditative (M.G. Eremchenko, O.A. Dmitrieva, E.N. Melnikova).

Results and discussion. The article characterizes and highlights the specifics of various DHP, describes the features of language techniques that used in these discourses, depending on the goals of influencing the client.

Conclusion. The study shows the specifics of the DHP, primarily related to the goals and objectives in different cultures and ambiguous situations of therapeutic practice.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the definition of the content core of synonymous series of English-language terms in the field of construction equipment as one of the methods of studying this terminology system from the point of view of its features and structure. The relevance of the work is due to the growing need to study the terminology system “Construction equipment” in order to train specialists with competencies in the field of design, repair, modernization, and operation of construction machines arriving in the territory of the Russian Federation from abroad. The basis for conducting the study was also the lack of cognitive studies related to the terminology system “Construction equipment”.

Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the study was: a survey, corpus analysis, definitional analysis, comparative analysis. The author uses a quantitative approach to provide statistical data necessary to demonstrate some of the research results. This study is also based on the concepts of D.S. Lotte (in the field of synonymy in technical terminology), as well as I.K. Arkhipov (definition of the concept of “Content core”). The sources used were operating manuals for such types of construction equipment as Hydraulic excavator, front loader, excavator-loader. The survey was conducted on July 10, 2024, at the ATLET company (57 specialists with the necessary competencies in the field of construction equipment participated in the survey).

Results and discussion. In the course of this study, the hypothesis: “If the content core of the selected dominant term of the synonymous series coincides with the content core of the entire synonymous series, then this fact can be the basis for defining this dominant as such” was not confirmed.

Conclusion. The terminology system “Construction equipment” is poorly studied from the point of view of the cognitive approach at this stage. In this regard, various difficulties may be identified in the process of research, slowing down the process of finding an answer to the question about the nature and features of this terminology. This study is an attempt by the author to identify some contradictions that arise in the process of studying construction and technical terminology and to highlight them for a wide range of professionals whose area of interest includes cognitive terminology.

Introduction. The research focuses on attributive constructions functioning in Middle English poetic texts. The analysis of the identified attributive structures using a morphological approach is carried out. The main aim is to identify the types of attributive constructions characteristic of poetic texts of the Middle English period and describe their peculiarities.

Methodology and sources. The research is carried out on the material of the original text of Geoffrey Chaucer's ‘The Canterbury Tales’ and the text of its modern adaptation, presented on the website of Harvard University. The total volume of the investigated fragment of the original text is 6105 words. Attributive constructions were selected in accordance with the classification proposed by V.L. Kaushanskaya. The final corpus of attributive constructions was obtained using the method of continuous sampling and totalled 396 unique attributive constructions. At the second stage of the study, quantitative analysis of the identified attributive constructions was carried out in order to determine their percentage ratio in the text fragment selected for analysis.

Results and discussion. The most frequent type of attributive construction is the model in which the role of the attribute is performed by the adjective (37 %). The least frequent are the types of attributive constructions in which the attribute is expressed by: 1) a noun in the nominative case (≈ 1 %); 2) a numeral (≈ 1 %). The vast majority of the identified constructions belong to the prepositional type (70 %).

Conclusion. The analysis of attributive constructions based on the material of poetic texts of the Middle English period shows that the attribute could be expressed: 1) by an adjective; 2) by a possessive pronoun or noun in the genitive case; 3) using constructions with a prepositional group. As for the position of the attribute relative to the core of the construction, in addition to the prepositive and postpositive types characteristic of Modern English, a number of “exceptions” were identified in G. Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” in which the conventional type of the attribute relative to the core is reversed, which reflects the specifics of the Middle English language, which was experiencing a period of rapid development and cardinal changes in the structure of language on the way to the formation of the literary norm. Further studies on the evolution of types and peculiarities of attributive constructions based on the material of Middle English and Early Modern English poetry seem extremely promising.

Introduction. The paper examines English in its diverse roles as a national language, a medium for international and intercultural exchange, a practical communication tool for non-native speakers, and a subject of various research programs associated with its functional varieties. The research aims to provide a structured overview of studies on English varieties and their roles within the fields of World Englishes (WE), Global English (GE), English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and English as an International Language (EIL). The objective of this paper is to summarize achievements in the study of English variation and offer insights for future research.

Methodology and sources. Empirically, the study draws on data from 2008 to 2024 extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection, analyzed using Citespace to visualize trends and patterns within the field.

Results and discussion. The findings reveal that research on WE, GE, ELF, and EIL has been characterized by interdisciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration. The recognition of the polycentric nature of modern English has elevated the status of its varieties, whose phonetic characteristics and pragmatic applications are increasingly integrated into education.

Conclusion. The research has revealed a steady rise in the scholarly interest in the problem of language variation, particularly as exemplified by the English language. This resulted in positive shifts in the World Englishes positioning and reception both in the theoretical and applied fields. However, unresolved issues and research gaps remain, as identified in the study.