Traditional historiography of science has constructed secrecy in opposition to openness. It is demonstrated that openness and secrecy are often interlocked. Focusing on the early modern period, two cases are introduced that are difficult to analyze with a simple oppositional understanding of openness and secrecy: 1) Isaac Newton’s refusal to publish his method of series and fluxions, and 2) the tensions within the Royal Society, between the ideal of openness and the practical need for secrecy. In these cases the dynamic of access and control cannot straightforwardly be classified in a dichotomy «open - secretive».

The article analyzes theoretical statements concerning interaction of state and civil society, which were formed in the European philosophy of the XVII-XIX centuries (D. Locke, G. Hegel, K. Marx). On the basis of the comparative analysis the generalized concept of civil society is formulated. The specific interaction mechanisms of institutions of the modern Russian state and their impact on the formation and development of civil society are discussed.

The article discusses a theoretical study of the modeling role in the process of artistic and aesthetic representation of objects of subject-spatial environment and reflection of forms and objects of reality in the layout. The essence of the formation process of aesthetic ideology through prototyping techniques and methods, as well as study of the formation sequence of the aesthetic ideal and professional look of the artist-designer on the environment in the process of working on the layout of the manufacturer is examined. The problem of layout creation as a work of art which contributes to the development of artistic taste, aesthetic thinking and perception is considered. The emotional and aesthetic impact on the layout designer's work both on himself and on the viewer, as well as the finished layout, as a work of art, on the mind and emotions of a person are examined in the article.

This article is devoted to the problem of uncertainty in exact and natural sciences. The retrospective uncertainty is considered in detail as an aspect of determination. In addition, the retrospective of the problem is given in the philosophy of science. A conclusion is made in the article that discrepancy is the basis of all forms of determination, and that’s why it becomes possible to prove dialectic unity of definiteness and uncertainty of determinations.

The article discusses the method of digital production organization based on a common information area realized in the uniform system consisting of PLM, MES, ERP subsystems. The described method of facilitating communication between the design specifications and the production process in a unified information system that enables the production circuit to respond quickly to changes in the design documentation. The automated method for adjusting the production plan of the product is presented that is associated with quantitative changes in specifications, enabling to store versions planned to be launched in the production of products compounds.

The paper contents the analysis results of Russian small and medium business in the innovation area. The data of the first and last official statistical surveys of the Rosstat (2003 and 2015) were used in the article, OECD comparative publications and the forecasts of the governmental structures. The economic problems of state financing, taxation and administrative regulation are discussed.

The education market development reveals its new trends in terms of political and socio-economic instability. The successful implementation of the country's course on innovative development is determined by the need for regional integration potential of educational institutions to enhance the competitiveness of higher school of the Russian regions in the world market of educational services.

The questions connected with management accounting of transaction costs of a firm are considered in the article. The article describes types and classification of transaction costs in the organization, problems related to accounting and management accounting of transaction costs are identifies. Methods of recording transaction costs for managerial decision-making are suggested.

The educational migration is considered in the article as a type of social migration, the overview of the studied problems in focus of such disciplines as sociology, economy, demography is given, the question of importance of studying and regulating of educational migration in Russia is raised.

Since deviance of youth is a result of certain life circumstances and social disadvantage, the author proposes to consider the risks of youth deviance through the prism of social security / protection of this social group. Social injustice is considered as a generalized (general) social risk of deviance. The reasoning of the author is supported by statistical data about certain types of youth deviance, as well as data about the level of social security / protection of young people.

This article discusses the impact of the critical tradition in sociology on social criticism. High relevance of the sociological critical reasoning models in modern social criticism is shown. A drift from critical macrodiagnostics of the modern society to interpretation of local critical discourses in sociology is analyzed. The necessity to restore the regulatory focus of sociological criticism is sunstantiated.

The article is devoted to the problem of the revolution impact on the government legitimacy. Revolutions in modern times have become a synonym of a legitimate way of overthrowing the existing government. If in previous historical era in politics the people´s right to riots and uprisings was denied, the current policy recognizes their right to revolution. Without recognition of this right, the revolution is not only deprived of legitimacy, but also the institutions which arise in the process of its implementation lose credibility.