Introduction. In the current conditions of the crisis of capitalism and liberal values, it is steadily increasing the relevance of the problem of choosing the way of development of society is steadily increasing. The aim of the paper is to analyze the ideas of Marxism and to identify the possibilities of their application for building a new model of development of modern society.

Methodology and sources. The research is based on the concept of socialism developed by K. Marx and F. Engels and developed in the works of V. I. Lenin and G. V. Plekhanov. The analysis of Marxist classics' views on socialism and communism is carried out by means of general philosophical dialectical methodology, supplemented by a synergetic approach with the application of ideas of psychology and ethology.

Results and discussion. The authors demonstrated the internal contradictions and theoretical nature of the abstract ideas of communism and socialism of Marx and Engels. There were the highlighted bases of the historical process of transition from capitalism to communism through socialism. Also there were considered the ways of solving the problems of capitalism and the return of human and society to the social essence. Among the measures necessary for the transition to socialism, the founders of Marxism highlight human emancipation, the development of productive forces, the destruction of competition, the abolition of private property in the long term. According to K. Marx and F. Engels, building of communism requires a gradual transformation of social relations and, consequently, of a person oneself by means of increasing the level of welfare, introducing universal education and employment of the poor. From the position of dialectics and synergetics, the transition to socialism is described as a ‘synthesis’ of relations of equality in primitive society (‘thesis’) and relations of inequality under capitalism (‘antithesis’). In this synthesis, biotic relations based on the natural instinct of dominance are replaced by genuinely social relations organized on the basis of reason and culture.

Conclusion. The transition from capitalism to socialism requires creation of material prerequisites and a high level of human cultural development for the emergence of new social relations based on the principles of co-operation, corresponding to the essence of the social.

Introduction. The relevance of the study stems from the need to comprehend labor stigmatization, particularly in the context of “dirty work”, which, despite its social importance, faces devaluation. The aim is to frame stigmatized labor as a metaphor for the collective “Shadow of society”, reflecting repressed aspects of human existence. The scientific novelty lies in integrating Jungian analytical psychology and sociological approaches to analyze stigmatization mechanisms.

Methodology and sources. The research employs Carl Jung’s “Shadow” concept, interpreting stigmatized labor as a projection of the collective unconscious, alongside sociological analysis of empirical data (interviews, observations). The work draws on Everett Hughes’ classification of “dirty work” and modern studies on labor invisibility.

Results and discussion. Patterns of stigmatization linked to the denial of corporeality, vulnerability, and mortality were identified. Professions associated with physical, social, and moral “dirt” become targets for collective fears. The invisibility phenomenon (ignoring, boundary violations) confirms structural inequality and dehumanization.

Conclusion. The study highlights that labor stigmatization stems from the rejection of the collective “Shadow”, leading to social disintegration. Recognizing the value of “dirty work” and integrating repressed aspects are crucial for achieving social integrity and justice.

Introduction. The field of ethnicity research in modern anthropology, ethnography, ethnology and ethnosociology is considered through the confrontation of the main cognitive positions, primordialism and constructivism. The purpose of the article is to generalize and to refute the criticism directed at constructivism, as well as to build a perspective for the synthesis of constructivist and primordialist research positions.

Methodology and sources. This is a summary of the critique of constructivism to date. Four theses of this criticism are formulated: the faintness of its ontology, the reduction of ethnicity to the individuality, the confusion of definitions of ethnicity with other social categories, and the emphasis on the controllability of ethnic processes. An apologia for constructivism is the result of a consistent analysis of these theses.

Results and discussion. It is shown that constructivism has an original ontology based on the interpretation of ethnicity as a type of social relations. The key research objects of constructivism – ethnicity, boundary and classification (categorization) system – are considered, allowing to address the collective dimension of the theoretical model of ethnicity, without closing in on individual processes. An example of a research model in constructivism is presented, showing that the role of ethnicity in social processes remains a meaningful and independent category of cognition. Finally, a distinction between the ontological and epistemological status of ethnicity in constructivism is made, which allows us to conclude that the epistemological position of constructivism is not related to the characterization of the essence of ethnicity, and therefore cannot be used as a basis for concluding that ethnic processes are malleable to external control.

Conclusion. This apologia of constructivism allows us to conclude that the flexibility of the constructivist paradigm makes it possible to adapt the sciences of ethnicity to the state of modern society. The prospect of integrating primordialism and constructivism by considering them as phenomena linked by reflexive symmetry is outlined in the conclusion.

Introduction. The article considers an alternative approach to understanding power as a complex socio-legal and philosophical phenomenon. It proposes a step away from the classical legal interpretation of power, which presents it as a system of legal norms that form state institutions, and a transition to understanding power as a set of unique experiences (experiences) that underlie the formation of regulatory rules.

Methodology and sources. The study is based on the analysis of the works of P. Sorokin and uses a philosophical and legal approach to deconstruct traditional ideas about power. The sources used are the works of classics of sociology and philosophy of law, as well as modern studies devoted to the phenomenon of power in various social contexts.

Results and discussion. The main focus is on the analysis of key concepts related to power, such as influence, desire for power, submission, suppression of will and dependence. It is investigated how personal experience of these concepts shapes individual and collective perceptions of power, and also influences the creation and transformation of social norms and rules.

Conclusion. А conclusion is made about the fundamental difference between power, manifested in the everyday life of human society and functioning in the institutions of civil society, and state power, determined and regulated by the existing system of governance. It is emphasized that understanding power as a set of unique experiences allows for a deeper understanding of its nature and consequences for social order and individual freedom.

Introduction. Today, sociologists and economists observe the rise of atypical employment, accompanied by a gradual shift away from long-term labor contracts. The growth of the gig economy – a contemporary labor system based on temporary and short-term contracts – led to the development of numerous concepts of post-industrial employment. This article examines the theoretical perspectives on the ambiguous effects of changes in the employment institution during the post-industrial era.

Methodology and sources. The research builds upon the seminal works of post-industrial society theorists such as D. Bell, A. Toffler, and P.F. Drucker, as well as the concepts of free agents by D.H. Pink, the creative class by R. Florida, and the precariat by G. Standing. Additionally, the author examines the contributions of Zh.T. Toshchenko, a prominent Russian researcher actively refining the theory of the precariat. The article integrates various perspectives to provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the socio-professional structure in the context of post-industrialization.

Results and discussion. According to researchers conceptualizing its effects, postindustrialization marks the transition to a service economy where knowledge is a key resource and production factor. Creativity, autonomy, and intrinsic motivation are distinctive traits of a significant portion of the modern workforce. At the same time, the socio-professional structure of society reveals a growing divide between intellectual workers, who often prefer flexible employment, and precariat groups, characterized by unstable employment, fluctuating incomes, and an uncertain social position.

Conclusion. The destabilization of employment relations has resulted in the emergence of two distinct labor groups with different socio-economic statuses and often opposing values and attitudes toward work: the privileged and the deprived. Members of privileged groups, as described by D. Pink and R. Florida, effectively utilize the opportunities created by labor market transformations, while representatives of deprived groups, examined by G. Standing and Zh.T. Toshchenko, act as a “substitute” for traditional employees, working under unstable conditions and in low-prestige positions.

Introduction. The article examines the socio-cultural issues of the leadership pattern in the concept of human-centered management, the essence of which is described by a model of social and labor processes, where the focus is on human personality, needs, values, interests, and motives. The relevance of the topic is due to the transformation of management subsystems, accompanied by the transition of “subject-object” relations to the model of “subject-subject” interactions and special attention to the favorable conditions of the internal corporate social environment.

Methodology and sources. The theoretical part of the study is based on the concept of social constructivism, which considers the leader from the perspective of intersubjectivity. The principles of the socioclinical approach and the author's competence model of human-centered behavior serve as the methodological basis for compiling the survey form. The empirical base consists of employees of public and private organizations in Khabarovsk (n = 390).

Results and discussion. The results of the study, supported by VTSIOM surveys, pay special attention to the competencies of managers in the context of business ethics, transparency of management, reciprocity and behavior in conflict situations. The authors note the significant influence of the management style on the formation of managerial culture, cohesion and involvement of the team. The subjectivity of the employee in the management system requires a special human-oriented management style from the head.

Conclusion. The concept of human-centered management lays down the principles of humanism, which mean that a person's personality, needs, values, interests, and motives are at the center of social and labor processes. Being a human–centered leader means presenting a subordinate as a partner, not as a “tool” to achieve the goals of the organization. The trend is towards inclusivity as an element of social balance, when a company remains open, recognizing and accepting human differences, providing opportunities for equal participation in activities, which contributes to the development of a sense of belonging, socio-cultural cohesion and collective well-being.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the development and implementation of artificial intelligence systems, in particular neural networks, in the life of students. Their use can both open up new horizons and raise serious ethical questions, especially in the context of influencing young people and their educational trajectories. The article highlights the ambivalence of young people's perception of technology, where, on the one hand, their use arouses great enthusiasm, on the other, there is concern about the risks of manipulation and the spread of misinformation.

Methodology and sources. The modern understanding of artificial intelligence as a complex of technologies capable of imitating human cognitive functions, including selflearning, is considered. The concepts of А. Toffler, M. Castells and some other researches are discussed, emphasizing the importance of information and knowledge in the process of social development and the increasing autonomy of users in the digital age. The article focuses on an interdisciplinary approach in the study of artificial intelligence. Its possibilities in the educational process based on the ethical principles of a human-oriented approach are discussed (A.V. Rezaev, N.D. Tregubov).

Results and discussion. A sociological diagnosis of the students of the Faculty of Computer Technology of ETU was carried out to study the influence of neural networks on their vital decision-making. The survey covered 487 respondents. The results showed that the majority of students (59.2 %) positively assess the use of neural networks, while 85.1 % of respondents use them for educational purposes. A significant portion of the respondents expressed concerns about ethical issues related to the use of neural networks, including loss of autonomy in decision-making and lack of human interaction. The analysis of the responses of the ChatGPT-3.5 neural network to questions related to solving ethical dilemmas was carried out, which confirmed the ability of the neural network to emotionally analyze and take into account ethical aspects.

Conclusion. The authors focus on the wide potential of using neural networks to make important decisions, but also emphasize the risk of losing subjectivity and increasing the importance of neural networks as a separate value for the individual. To ensure the ethical and safe use of these technologies, it is recommended to increase the transparency of algorithms, provide user training, and develop ethical standards and regulations for their use.

Introduction. In non-fiction literary genres lexical and semantic arrangement of text units becomes a specific trait for defining a genre. Clustering text predicates into semantic groups allows to trace the semantic-grammatical homogeneity of rhemes in its informational structure (also referred to as its rhematic dominant). The present article compares the semantics of predicates in two Old English texts that belong to different genres of non-fiction literature.

Methodology and sources. The research material includes texts from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Lacnunga, a historical records book and a collection of Anglo-Saxon medical texts and prayers, respectively. A combination of methods is applied, such as componential, contextual, and transformation analysis, as well as analysis of semantics and syntax.

Results and discussion. Predicates of physical action prevail in both texts, but a closer examination reveals that the chronicle entries predominantly feature predicates of motion, donative action, and activity. These are primarily expressed by full verbs in the past tense indicative mood or by an auxiliary verbs in the same form combined with participle I or adjective. The actants are primarily denoted by animate nouns. In the Lacnunga medical recipes there is a significant proportion of predicates denoting state, change of state, or causation. These are expressed through verb or verbal combination in the imperative mood (second person), with actants primarily being nouns denoting inanimate entities.

Conclusion. The chronicle text is characterized by narrativity, presenting a sequence of actions, whereas the medical recipe text has a prescriptive, instructive nature. These characteristics are shaped by the semantic structure of the predicates. While predicates of physical action predominate in both texts, the chronicle text exhibits a high number of predicates indicating motion, donative action, and activity, and the medical text shows an increased proportion of predicates denoting state, change of state, or causation. This semantic distribution shapes the rhematic dominant of the non-fiction text and, more broadly, its genre affiliation.

Introduction. The article is considered the concept FEAR as a special emotional and psychological tool in the field of migration policy. The relevance of the work is related to the fact that the research is conducted within the framework of migration linguistics, the tasks of which include the study of migration discourse, migration policy and the specifics of its linguistic implementation, as well as the low level of study and development of the Englishlanguage political migration discourse. The purpose of the article is to explore the semantic potential of the lexeme fear, identify the relevant semantic components of its meaning in political migration discourse. The lexeme fear is an actualizer of the same name concept.

Methodology and sources. Interpretation, categorization, systematization and contextual analysis were used as the main research methods. The material for the work was an article by B. Gundogmus, M. Mete “The Politics of Fear: Fear of Migrants as an Instrument Shaping the Political Environment”. The research is based on theoretical work in the fields of conceptology, discursology and migration linguistics. 

Results and discussion. The article was examined the main tasks of migration linguistics, defines migration discourse in terms of interference and institutionality, and revealed the genre structure of migration discourse. The paper also was substantiated the position of including the concept under study in the migration conceptosphere. The article was presented the actual semantic components of the lexeme fear, which are not recorded in lexicographic sources. All components were divided into two large groups: general and political (power and migration). 

Conclusion. As a result of the research, 24 relevant semantic components functioning in the political migration discourse have been identified. The concept FEAR is considered as a tool for shaping migration policy, the purpose of which is to cause citizens to feel fear and distrust of migrants, which consequently leads to a tightening of migration policy and a decrease in the level of tolerance.

Introduction. The growing interest of linguistics in academic discourse, a pivotal communication type in contemporary society where science and higher education are central, underscores the relevance of this study. The admissions interview, a genre intersecting educational, pedagogical, and scientific communication, remains underresearched, highlighting the study's scientific novelty. This research aims to identify and delineate the linguacultural script of the English-language admissions interview as an academic discourse genre, specifying its stages and corresponding speech act types.

Methodology and sources. The study employed discursive and interpretive analysis methods. The empirical data comprised 70,000 words of admissions interview transcripts from higher education institutions, enabling a detailed examination of genre characteristics.

Results and discussion. The research revealed the genre's structural and content-related features, including a six-stage linguacultural script categorized into metadiscursive (initiating, orienting, concluding) and ideational (testing, summarizing, evaluating) speech act groups. Metadiscursive acts regulate dialogue, framing communication, while ideational acts focus on content, knowledge assessment, and candidate competency evaluation. Each stage exhibits specific tactics, reflecting the genre's institutional nature and orientation towards academic values.

Conclusion. The analysis confirms the admissions interview as a multi-layered genre, integrating traditional academic functions (knowledge assessment, critical thinking) with contemporary communicative practices (dialogicity, interactivity). The findings refine the genre's position within academic discourse, emphasizing its uniqueness compared to other interview types (e.g., job interviews), which prioritize experience over educational potential. The proposed methodology for analyzing stages and speech acts enriches genre theory, offering a tool for exploring other oral interactive genres and enhancing understanding of their structural and content-related specificities within sociocultural norms. The study's conclusions have practical implications for academic interview preparation and the advancement of linguacultural research.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems related to the gender reform of the German language. Started on the wave of feminist movement of the 70s of the XX century, the transition to gender-neutral language in recent decades has become one of the most discussed topics in both socio-political and scientific circles in Germany, dividing politicians, lawyers, linguists and ordinary citizens into supporters and opponents of gender-neutral language.

Methodology and sources. The article examines legal documents regulating the use of a gender-neutral language, highlights the opinions of participants in the discussion about gender correctness, based on the “myth of the invisible woman”, analyzes gender-oriented transformations used in German, and identifies problems related to gender-oriented language correction.

Results and discussion. The starting point of linguistic distortions in the field of gender politics was the confusion of the concepts of grammatical gender (Genus), biological sex (Geschlecht) and gender (Gender/ soziales Geschlecht). The refusal of gender reform proponents to use the forms of generic masculine gender (generisches Maskulinum), which includes a wide range of meanings, and the introduction of gender-oriented transformations into the language provoked problems in the field of linguistic word usage, associated with both distortion of meaning and violation of grammatical norms of the German language.

Conclusion. Gender reform has had a significant impact on various spheres of public life in Germany. The gender reform of the German language, dictated by the political agenda, has generated many linguistic and extra linguistic problems. The proposed artificial language changes aimed at achieving gender neutrality actually complicate communication and lead to a violation of the linguistic norms of the German language.

Introduction. The article tests the hypothesis about the possibility of recognizing borrowed lexical units as the basic xenonyms of the language on the basis of corpus data. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that there have been no previous attempts to identify the degree of assimilation of Japanese artonyms in English using corpus analysis methods, including the collocation method. The relevance of the study lies in the development of research tools of interlinguoculturalology, the study of the layer of xenonymic lexicon significant for the English-language description of Japanese culture and the clarification of criteria for classifying a xenonym as a commonly used loan word. 

Methodology and sources. The research is carried out in line with interlinguoculturology. The analysis of empirical material, which comprises Japanese artonyms retrieved from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), was conducted using methods of corpus linguistics. 

Results and discussion. The article identifies the Japanese loanwords with the highest frequency and wide representation in different genres (origami, bonsai, anime, manga, haiku, kabuki, karaoke, kimono, futon, and geisha), highlights collocations that allow tracing semantic derivation and assessing the metaphorical potential of xenonyms. The analysis allowed the authors to confirm the possibility of classifying Japanisms according to their status in the English language and the necessity to exclude the lexical units Noh and ikebana from the basic common borrowings due to low statistical indicators of their frequency and their low genre distribution. 

Conclusion. The algorithm of corpus analysis of xenonymic lexis proposed in this study helps to draw verified conclusions about the status of borrowings in the English language vocabulary. The paper presents new criteria for the identifying commonly used English-language xenonyms: 1) the degree of distribution across genres and 2) representation in at least one genre of the corpus with a normalized frequency equal to or greater than 0.5 per 1 million words (X ≥ 0.5) and in at least two genres with a normalized frequency equal to or greater than 0.1 per 1 million words (X ≥ 0.1). The prospects of the present study include further detailed examination of Japanese loanwords of other topics, as well as extrapolation of the results to all English xenonyms in order to verify their universality.

Introduction. Environmental safety as the most important value of modern society receives multiple and variable embodiment in media discourse, which acts as a powerful factor in influencing and shaping public opinion. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the socio-culturally determined variability of representation of conceptual features of environmental safety in the British media discourse.

Methodology and sources. The study was conducted using a corpus of texts devoted to environmental safety, with a volume of over 200 thousand words, as well as using data from the News on Web (NOW) corpus, with a volume of over 1.9 billion words. The content specificity of value in high-quality and popular British media was determined based on the systematization and quantification of collocations with key lexemes that form the cognitivesemantic foundations of the media narrative.

Results and discussion. Modeling the conceptual component of the concept of “environmental safety” based on the means of its media representation showed that it includes the conceptualization of threats, risks, causes and sources of threats; negative consequences; actions aimed at combating threats and minimizing risks; subjects of actions that contribute to ensuring safety; objects whose safety must be ensured; necessary actions. Corpus analysis of collocations showed a socio-cultural difference in the discursive representation of environmental safety in the texts of the quality and popular press. The quality press emphasizes global warming, strategies for solving the problem, as well as adaptation to changed conditions and risk minimization; in the popular press, the problem of climate change dominates, while in the quality press the evaluative component of the concept is expanded, and instead of the neutral noun change in combination with the noun climate, the negatively evaluative lexeme crisis is used.

Conclusion. The proposed methodology can be used in the analysis of the substantive specificity of other conceptual formations in media discursive practices, in the study of the linguocultural component of the discourse of environmental safety in the aspect of sociocultural and ideological variability.

Introduction. The study is devoted to analyzing the structure of the images of Moscow and St Petersburg in the linguistic consciousness of Russian speakers. The relevance of the research is determined by the importance of these cities for the cultural, historical, and social life of Russia, as well as their role in the development of domestic and international tourism. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, for the first time, the images of the Russian capitals are considered as hierarchically organized sets consisting not only of feature-based but also emotional components, which are compared in terms of their weight within the image structure. 

Methodology and sources. The methodological framework is based on cognitive and psycholinguistic approaches, within which the image is viewed as a form of mental representation. The theoretical foundation draws on ideas about image structure found in the works of A.V. Brushlinsky and E.A. Sergienko, F.E. Vasiluk, A.D. Leontiev, as well as R.W. Langacker, E. Rosch and others. The key method for studying the image is verbalization, which enables the identification of its cognitive characteristics. In the analysis of the field structure of the image, components of the core, near-core, middle, and peripheral zones are distinguished. The application of the proposed methodology allows for the exploration of the specific features of how cities are perceived within linguistic consciousness. The research material was obtained during a psycholinguistic experiment conducted through a questionnaire survey in April 2023 among 60 native Russian speakers residing in various regions of Russia. The participants provided verbal characterizations of Moscow and St Petersburg, highlighting key features and emotions associated with these cities.

Results and discussion. As a result of semantic and frequency analysis of the 687 responses collected, models of the images of Moscow and St Petersburg were constructed and compared. The comparison results revealed that the images of Moscow and St Petersburg differ significantly not only in the composition of components but also in their hierarchy: the image of Moscow is characterized by a predominance of objective components reflecting its scale and the opportunities it offers, while the image of St Petersburg demonstrates greater intensity of emotional and cultural-historical components. 

Conclusion. A study of the images of Moscow and St Petersburg using experimental material showed that the structure of the image is constructed on a multi-layered cognitive framework, including attributive and emotional components. The conclusions drawn provide a deeper understanding of how Russia’s capitals are perceived and can be used in the development of marketing and tourism promotion strategies for cities.