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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">discourse</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Discourse</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-8562</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7777</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/2412-8562-2026-12-3-24-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">discourse-949</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЛОСОФИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHILOSOPHY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблема критериев высказываний о вымысле</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Problem of Criteria for Statements about Fiction</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1559-4088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайруллина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khairullina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хайруллина Наталья Валерьевна – ассистент кафедры философии и медиакоммуникаций.</p><p>ул. Красносельская, д. 51, Казань, 420066</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya V. Khairullina – Assistant at the Department of Philosophy and Media Communications, Kazan State Power Engineering University.</p><p>51 Krasnoselskaya str., Kazan 420066</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natkhairullina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский государственный энергетический университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Power Engineering University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хайруллина Н.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хайруллина Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khairullina N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/949">https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/949</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В статье рассматривается проблема из области аналитической философии вымысла. Тезис исследования состоит в том, что системные проблемы реалистических теорий вымышленных персонажей коренятся в неадекватной трактовке самого понятия «вымысел». Автор выделяет три проблемы для этих теорий – проблему редукции, игнорирования и узкого определения вымысла. Демонстрируется, что антиреалистические подходы избегают обозначенных проблем. Новизна исследования состоит в постановке проблемы – ранее определение вымысла не становилось предметом обсуждения и сравнения теорий между собой. Автор предлагает использовать критерий адекватности определения вымысла для оценки соответствия теории языковой прагматике.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология и источники</title><p>Методология и источники. Автор использует метод концептуального анализа. В статье анализируются наиболее влиятельные теории онтологического статуса вымышленных персонажей – неомейнонгианство, фикциональный поссибилизм, абстрактный реализм, абстрактный артефактуализм и теория притворства.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Из статьи видно, что понятие вымысла в анализируемых теориях оказывается: 1) редуцированным (в фикциональном поссибилизме вымысел замещается понятием возможности); 2) игнорируемым (неомейнонгианские теории, фокусируясь на онтологическом статусе объектов, игнорируют языковую прагматику вымысла); 3) излишне узким (строгая дихотомия фикциональных и метафикциональных высказываний в абстрактном реализме и артефактуализме исключает из анализа смешанные высказывания). В качестве альтернативы автор предлагает принять определение вымысла как участия в практиках притворства.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Автор предлагает использовать определение вымысла как участия в притворстве и на его основе выделяет критерий для признания высказывания фикциональным – высказывание должно содержать предписание для воображения, которое связано с определенным художественным произведением. Демонстрируется, что антиреалистические теории, использующие данное определение, успешно справляются с проблемами редукции, игнорирования и узкого определения вымысла. На этом основании делается вывод о концептуальном преимуществе антиреализма.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. This article examines a problem in the field of analytical philosophy of fiction. The author identifies criteria for specifying statements about fiction. The aim of the article is to demonstrate a number of problems in realistic theories of fictional characters related to the replacement, ignoring, and narrow interpretation of fiction.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology and sources</title><p>Methodology and sources. To achieve the goal of the study, the author uses the method of conceptual analysis. The article analyzes the most influential theories of the ontological status of fictional characters: Neo-Meinongian theories, David Lewis' fictional possibilism, Peter van Inwagen's abstract realism, Amy Thomasson's abstract artifactualism, and Kendall Walton's theory of pretense.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Fictional possibilism brings the concept of fiction closer to the concept of possibility, which has counterintuitive consequences. Neo-Meinongian theories do not set specific criteria for fiction; for them, statements about fiction and statements about reality equally claim to express literal truth. This creates a problem for the analysis of real objects mentioned in fiction. It is unclear what properties should be attributed to these objects – real or fictional. Abstract realism and abstract artifactualism divide statements about fiction into fictional and metafictional. The former characterize the properties of objects in fiction, the latter – their properties in reality. This creates a problem of analyzing mixed statements in which both types of properties are attributed to an object at the same time. It is demonstrated that the most adequate concept of fiction is used by anti-realistic theories, which define fiction through participation in pretense.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The author raises the question of the criteria for statements about fiction and identifies a fundamental problem for realistic theories of fictional characters: the interpretation of fiction in them is replaced, ignored, or overly narrow. This does not allow for a uniform analysis of statements about fiction based on these theories. The author suggests using broader interpretations of fiction, as they avoid the problems mentioned and have greater explanatory potential.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аналитическая философия</kwd><kwd>фикциональные объекты</kwd><kwd>вымышленные персонажи</kwd><kwd>пустые имена</kwd><kwd>фикционализм</kwd><kwd>вымысел</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>analytic philosophy</kwd><kwd>fictional objects</kwd><kwd>fictional characters</kwd><kwd>empty names</kwd><kwd>fictionalism</kwd><kwd>fiction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell B. On Denoting // Mind. 1905. Vol. 14, № 56. P. 479–493.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell, B. 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