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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">discourse</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Discourse</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-8562</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7777</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/2412-8562-2026-12-3-5-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">discourse-947</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЛОСОФИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHILOSOPHY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Принципы конструирования знания в системах искусственного интеллекта: философско-методологический аспект</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Principles of Knowledge Construction in Artificial Intelligence Systems: Philosophical-Methodological Aspect</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5626-251X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакин Сергей Анатольевич – аспирант Высшей школы общественных наук.</p><p>ул. Политехническая, д. 29, Санкт-Петербург, 195251</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Bakin – Postgraduate Student at the Higher School of Social Sciences, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University.</p><p>29 Polytechnic str., St Petersburg 195251</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sirius.bakin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бакин С.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бакин С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bakin S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/947">https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/947</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Статья посвящена актуальным философским проблемам постнеклассической науки, связанным с анализом интеллектуальных систем на основе машинного обучения, и содержит сравнительный анализ конструктивистского и реалистического подходов для выявления эвристического потенциала радикального конструктивизма в построении гибкой функциональной архитектуры ИИ.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология и источники</title><p>Методология и источники. В основу исследования положен сравнительный анализ реалистического и конструктивистского подходов, методологический аппарат которого включает принципы операциональной замкнутости и когнитивного конструирования реальности, разработанные в трудах Э. фон Глазерсфельда, Ж. Пиаже и их последователей. Центральным тезисом выступает трактовка знания не как отражения объективной реальности, а как конструкции, критерием которой является функциональная пригодность для решения задач, что находит отражение в современных концепциях машинного обучения, таких как обучение с подкреплением.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Продемонстрировано, что ключевые принципы конструктивизма – операциональная природа знания, итеративное построение когнитивных структур и прагматический критерий жизнеспособности – предлагают пути решения проблем ИИ, таких как проблема «черного ящика», статичность моделей и контекстуальная зависимость данных, через переосмысление машинного обучения как процесса активного построения функциональных репрезентаций и смещения акцента с точности на функциональную адекватность в конкретных прикладных контекстах.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанные положения радикального конструктивизма помогают переосмыслить природу данных и моделей в машинном обучении, а также открывают перспективы для более глубокого анализа требований к итеративным и адаптивным архитектурам обучения и развитию систем с искусственным интеллектом.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The article addresses current philosophical problems of post-nonclassical science related to the analysis of machine learning-based intelligent systems. It contains a comparative analysis of constructivist and realistic approaches to identify the heuristic potential of radical constructivism in building a flexible functional architecture for AI.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology and sources</title><p>Methodology and sources. The research is based on a comparative analysis of realistic and constructivist approaches. Its methodological apparatus includes the principles of operational closure and cognitive construction of reality, developed in the works of E. von Glasersfeld, J. Piaget, and their followers. The central thesis is the interpretation of knowledge not as a reflection of objective reality, but as a construction, the criterion of which is functional suitability for solving problems. This is reflected in modern machine learning concepts, such as reinforcement learning.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. It is demonstrated that the key principles of constructivism – the operational nature of knowledge, the iterative construction of cognitive structures, and the pragmatic criterion of viability – offer solutions to AI problems such as the “black box” problem, static nature of models, and contextual data dependency. This is achieved by rethinking machine learning as a process of active construction of functional representations and shifting the focus from accuracy to functional adequacy in specific applied contexts.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The developed tenets of radical constructivism help to rethink the nature of data and models in machine learning and open up prospects for a deeper analysis of the requirements for iterative and adaptive learning architectures and the development of artificial intelligence systems.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>конструирование знания</kwd><kwd>радикальный конструктивизм</kwd><kwd>постнеклассическая наука</kwd><kwd>методология</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>философия искусственного интеллекта</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>knowledge construction</kwd><kwd>radical constructivism</kwd><kwd>post-nonclassical rationality</kwd><kwd>methodology</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>philosophy of artificial intelligence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергеев С. Ф. 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