<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">discourse</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Discourse</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-8562</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7777</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/2412-8562-2026-12-2-95-106</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">discourse-927</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОЦИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SOCIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Виртуальное сообщество» как социологический конструкт, или Как использовать цифровые следы в исследовании</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>“Virtual Community” as a Sociological Construct, or How to Use Digital Traces in Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5047-0022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаринова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazarinova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казаринова Надежда Васильевна – кандидат философских наук (1985), доцент кафедры социологии и политологии </p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda V. Kazarinova – Can. Sci. (Philosophy, 1985), Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology and Political Science </p><p>5F Professor Popov str., St Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">NVKazarinova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-6559</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеев</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveev</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Матвеев Михаил Сергеевич – магистр социологии (2023), ассистент кафедры социологии и политологии</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail S. Matveev – Master (Sociology, 2023), Assistant at the Department of Sociology and Political Science </p><p>5F Professor Popov str., St Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikhail.matveev97@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ» им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Казаринова Н.В., Матвеев М.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Казаринова Н.В., Матвеев М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kazarinova N.V., Matveev M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/927">https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/927</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Цель статьи – разработать методику операционализации понятия «виртуальное сообщество», позволяющую эмпирически различать онлайн-группы, которые обладают признаками сообщности от иных цифровых образований. Обсуждается содержание понятия «виртуальное сообщество». Предложены цифровые индикаторы для формализованного анализа трех уровней развития виртуальных сообществ.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология и источники</title><p>Методология и источники. Методологическую основу составили труды представителей классической и цифровой социологии – Ф. Тённиса, Р. Парка, Б. Уэлмана, К. Фукса, А. Калиандро, Д. Рейнгольда, Д. Катца и др. Использованы методы сравнительного анализа, обобщения и систематизации теоретических подходов, а также нереактивный анализ цифровых поведенческих данных – цифровых следов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Предложены показатели для каждого уровня развития виртуальных сообществ: технологическая инфраструктура и вовлеченность участников, плотность, взаимность и регулярность коммуникации; признаки кооперации, идентичности и символического ядра. Показано, что использование цифровых следов позволяет надежно дифференцировать сообщества от других социальных образований в Сети.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Изучение Интернета как самостоятельного социального пространства требует уточнения социологического понятийного аппарата и разработки методов фиксации цифровых форм социальной активности. Виртуальные сообщества характеризуются совместными интересами, устойчивым взаимодействием, внутренними нормами и чувством принадлежности, однако их отличительной чертой является опосредованность коммуникации технологической средой, формирующей особые практики участия и поддержания связи. Операционализация понятия «виртуальное сообщество» посредством описания коммуникативных признаков и анализ цифровых следов позволяет с высокой точностью определять уровень развития сообществ и проводить их эмпирическую типологизацию. Разработанные метрики создают основу для количественных и сравнительных исследований сетевых форм общности, расширяя инструментарий цифровой социологии и углубляя понимание механизмов воспроизводства социальной солидарности в цифровой среде.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for the operationalization of the concept of a “virtual community”, enabling an empirical distinction between online groups that exhibit signs of communality and other digital formations. The paper discusses the semantic content of the term “virtual community” and proposes digital indicators for a formalized analysis of the three levels of virtual community development.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology and sources</title><p>Methodology and sources. The methodological framework is based on the works of classical and digital sociology scholars – F. Tönnies, R. Park, B. Wellman, C. Fuchs, A. Caliandro, H. Rheingold, J. Katz, and others. The study employs methods of comparative analysis, generalization, and systematization of theoretical approaches, as well as non-reactive analysis of digital behavioral data – digital footprints.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. The study proposes measurable indicators for each level of virtual community development: technological infrastructure and user engagement; communication density, reciprocity, and regularity; as well as signs of cooperation, shared identity, and symbolic core. It is demonstrated that the use of digital footprints makes it possible to reliably differentiate communities from other social formations on the Internet.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study of the Internet as an autonomous social space requires clarification of sociological terminology and the development of methods for capturing digital forms of social activity. Virtual communities are characterized by shared interests, stable interactions, internal norms, and a sense of belonging. However, their distinctive feature is the mediation of communication through technological environments that shape specific practices of participation and connection maintenance. The operationalization of the concept of a “virtual community” through the identification of communicative features and analysis of digital footprints enables precise determination of the community’s level of development and its empirical typologization. The proposed metrics form a foundation for quantitative and comparative studies of networked forms of sociality, expanding the methodological tools of digital sociology and deepening the understanding of how social solidarity is reproduced in digital environments.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>виртуальные сообщества</kwd><kwd>цифровая социология</kwd><kwd>цифровые следы</kwd><kwd>онлайнкоммуникация</kwd><kwd>сетевые взаимодействия</kwd><kwd>операционализация понятий</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>virtual communities</kwd><kwd>digital sociology</kwd><kwd>digital footprints</kwd><kwd>online communication</kwd><kwd>network interactions</kwd><kwd>operationalization of concepts</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тальнишних Н. К. Культура «сетевых сообществ»: дис. ... канд. филос. наук / РГУ. Ростов н/Д, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tal'nishnikh, N.K. (2004), “Culture of ‘Network Communities’”, Can. Sci. (Philosophy) Thesis, Rostov State Univ., Rostov-on-Don, RUS.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hillery G.A., Jr. A research odyssey: Developing and testing a community theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hillery, G.A., Jr. (1982), A research odyssey: Developing and testing a community theory, Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ, RUS.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Personal Mediated Communication and the Concept of Community in Theory and Practice / J. E. Katz, R. E. Rice, S. Acord et al. // Communication yearbook. Vol. 28 / ed. by P. Kalbfleisch. NJ: Mahwah, 2004. P. 315–371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz, J.E., Rice, R.E., Acord, S. et al. (2004), “Personal mediated communication and the concept of community in theory and practice”, Communication Yearbook, Kalbfleisch, P. (ed.), vol. 28, Mahwah, NJ, USA, pp. 315–371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тённис Ф. Общность и общество. Основные понятия чистой социологии / пер. с нем. Д. В. Скляднёва. СПб.: Владимир Даль, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tönnies, F. (2002), Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie, Transl. by Sklyadnev, D.V., Vladimir Dal’, SPb., RUS.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Д. В. Виртуализация общества. Версия 2.0. СПб.: Петербургское Востоковедение, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov, D.V. (2002), Virtualization of Society. Version 2.0, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, SPb., RUS.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiltz S. R., Turoff M. The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hiltz, S.R. and Turoff, M. (1978), The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rheingold H. The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rheingold, H. (2000), The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier, Cambridge, MIT Press, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Driskell R. B., Lyon L. Are Virtual Communities True Communities? Examining the Environments and Elements of Community // City &amp; Community. 2002. Vol. 1, no. 4. P. 373–390. DOI: 10.1111/1540-6040.00031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Driskell, R.B. and Lyon, L. (2002), “Are virtual communities true communities? Examining the environments and elements of community”, City &amp; Community, viol. 1, no. 4, pp. 373–390. DOI: 10.1111/1540-6040.00031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wellman B. Are personal communities local? A Dumptarian reconsideration // Social Networks. 1996. Vol. 18, iss. 4. P. 347–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wellman, B. (1996), “Are personal communities local? A Dumptarian reconsideration”, Social Networks, vol. 18, iss. 4, pp. 347–354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wellman B., Leighton B. Networks, Neighborhoods, and Communities: Approaches to the Study of the Community Question // Urban Affairs Review. 1979. Vol. 14, iss. 3. P. 363–390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874790140030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wellman, B. and Leighton, B. (1979), “Networks, neighborhoods, and communities: Approaches to the study of the community question”, Urban Affairs Review, vol. 14, iss. 3, pp. 363–390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874790140030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson N. Why We Argue About Virtual Community: A Case Study of the Phish.net Fan Community // Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety / ed. by S. Jones. London: SAGE, 2002. P. 102–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250303.n6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson, N. (2002), “Why we argue about virtual community: A case study of the Phish.net fan community”, Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety, Jones, S. (ed.), SAGE, London, UK, pp. 102–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250303.n6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aakhus M. A. Understanding Information and Communication Technology and Infrastructure in Everyday Life // Machines That Become Us: The Social Context of Personal Communication / ed. by J. E. Katz. London, NY: Routledge, 2003. P. 27–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203786826.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aakhus, M.A. (2003), “Understanding information and communication technology and infrastructure in everyday life”, Machines That Become Us: The Social Context of Personal Communication, Katz, J.E. (ed.), London, NY: Routledge, USA, pp. 27–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203786826</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terkenli T. S. Home as a Region // Geographical Review. 1995. Vol. 85, iss. 3. P. 324–334. DOI: 10.2307/215276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terkenli, T.S. (1995), “Home as a region”, Geographical Review, vol. 85, iss. 3, pp. 324–334. DOI: 10.2307/215276</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMillan D. W., Chavis D. M. Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory // J. of Community Psychology. 1986. Vol. 14, iss. 1. P. 6–22. DOI: 10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:13.0.CO;2-I.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMillan, D.W. and Chavis, D.M. (1986), “Sense of community: A definition and theory”, J. of Community Psychology, vol. 14, iss. 1, pp. 6–22. DOI: 10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:13.0.CO;2-I</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baym N. K. Interpreting Soap Operas and Creating Community: Inside a Electronic Fan Culture // Culture of the Internet / ed. by S. Kiesler. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997. P. 103–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baym, N.K. (1997), “Interpreting soap operas and creating community: Inside a Electronic Fan Culture”, Culture of the Internet, Kiesler, S. (ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, USA, pp. 103–120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabietti U., Malighetti R., Matera V. Il traffico delle culture // Dal tribale al globale: introduzione all’antropologia / Milano: Bruno Mondadori, 2002. P. 91–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabietti, U., Malighetti, R. and Matera, V. (2002), “Il traffico delle culture”, Dal tribale al globale: introduzione all’antropologia, Bruno Mondadori, Milano, ITA, pp. 91–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Dijk J. A. G. M. The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Dijk, J.A.G.M. (2006), The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media, 2nd ed., SAGE, London, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calhoun C. J. Virtual Community // Dictionary of the Social Sciences / ed. by C. J. Calhoun. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002. P. 505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calhoun, C.J. (2002), “Virtual community”, Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Oxford Univ. Press. Oxford, UK, p. 505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones Q., Rafaeli S. Time to Split, Virtually: “Discourse Architecture” and “Community Building” as Means to Creating Vibrant Virtual Metropolises // Electronic Markets. 2000. Vol. 10, iss. 4. P. 214– 223. DOI: 10.1080/101967800750050326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones, Q. and Rafaeli, S. (2000), “Time to split, virtually: “Discourse architecture” and “community building” as means to creating vibrant virtual metropolises”, Electronic Markets, vol. 10, iss. 4, pp. 214–223. DOI: 10.1080/101967800750050326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baym N. K. Personal connections in the digital age. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baym, N.K. (2015), Personal connections in the digital age, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyrowitz J. Shifting worlds of strangers: Medium theory and changes in “them” vs. “us” // Sociological Inquiry. 1997. Vol. 67, iss. 1. P. 59–71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00429.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyrowitz, J. (1997) “Shifting worlds of strangers: Medium theory and changes in “them” vs. “us”, Sociological Inquiry, vol. 67, iss. 1, pp. 59–71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00429.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poster M. What’s the matter with the Internet? Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poster, M. (2001), What’s the matter with the Internet?, Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caliandro A. Digital Methods for Ethnography: Analytical Concepts for Ethnographers Exploring Social Media Environments // J. of Contemporary Ethnography. 2017. Vol. 47, iss. 2. P. 1–28. DOI: 10.1177/0891241617702960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caliandro, A. (2017), “Digital methods for ethnography: Analytical concepts for ethnographers exploring social media environments”, J. of Contemporary Ethnography, vol. 47, iss. 2, pp. 1–28. DOI: 10.1177/0891241617702960</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stage C. The online crowd: a contradiction in terms? On the potentials of Gustave Le Bon’s crowd psychology in an analysis of affective blogging // Distinktion: Scandinavian J. of Social Theory. 2013. Vol. 14, № 2. P. 211–226. DOI: 10.1080/1600910X.2013.773261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stage, C. (2013), “The online crowd: a contradiction in terms? On the potentials of Gustave Le Bon’s crowd psychology in an analysis of affective blogging”, Distinktion: Scandinavian J. of Social Theory, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 211–226. DOI: 10.1080/1600910X.2013.773261</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butsch R. The citizen audience: crowds, publics, and individuals. NY: Routledge, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butsch, R. (2008), The citizen audience: Crowds, publics, and individuals, Routledge, NY, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arvidsson A. The potential of consumer publics // Ephemera. 2013. Vol. 13, № 2. P. 367–391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arvidsson, A. (2013), “The potential of consumer publics”, Ephemera, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 367–391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fuchs C. Internet and society: social theory in the information age. NY: Routledge, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuchs, C. (2008), Internet and society: Social theory in the information age, Routledge, NY, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев М. С. След как знак: эпистемология и методология цифровых данных в социологии // Социодинамика. 2025. № 4. С. 71–80. DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2025.4.74248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev, M.S. (2025), “Trace as a sign: epistemology and methodology of digital data in sociology”, Sociodynamics, no. 4, pp. 71–80. DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2025.4.74248</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
