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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">discourse</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Discourse</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-8562</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7777</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-3-18-28</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">discourse-493</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЛОСОФИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHILOSOPHY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Доверие свидетельству: редукционизм и нонредукционизм</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Trust to Testimony: Reductionism and Non-Reductionism</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4284-6533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хорт</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khort</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хорт Михаил Геннадьевич – аспирант, ассистент кафедры социальной философии. Аавтор 12 научных публикаций. Сфера научных интересов: эпистемология добродетелей, метаэтика, аналитическая философия.</p><p>Кремлевская ул., д. 18, Казань, 420008</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail G. Khort – Postgraduate, Assistant at the Department of Social Philosophy. The author of 12 scientific publications. Area of expertise: epistemology of virtues, metaethics, analytical philosophy.</p><p>18 Kremlevskaya str., Kazan 420008</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikhort@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga region) Federal University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хорт М.Г., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хорт М.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khort M.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/493">https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/493</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Ведение</title><p>Ведение. Статья посвящена эпистемологии коммуникативного знания. Утверждается, что центральной проблемой при анализе такого знания является вопрос о статусе свидетельства. Автор обсуждает редукционизм и нонредукционизм как два традиционных подхода к решению проблемы доверия свидетельству. Цель статьи – описать аргументы обоих подходов и выявить их общие недостатки.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология и источники</title><p>Методология и источники. Автор использует метод концептуального анализа для решения поставленной задачи. К первичным источникам работы относятся сочинения классиков теории познания – Д. Юма и Т. Рида. Ко вторичным источникам относятся работы современных авторов, принадлежащих к англо-американской философской традиции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Редукционизм утверждает, что, хотя свидетельские убеждения могут быть приняты на основании надежности информатора, само свидетельство не обеспечивает обоснование. В конечном итоге редукционизм сводит свидетельство к другому источнику обоснования, такому как восприятие или память. В статье объясняется, что слабым местом редукционизма является учет нормальных социальных взаимодействий, когда надежность говорящего неизвестна. Нон-редукционизм утверждает, что свидетельство не обеспечивает обоснование путем редукции к другим источникам. Само свидетельство является допустимой формой социального доказательства. Информанту не нужны дополнительные позитивные причины, чтобы принять утверждения говорящего как обоснованные. Свидетельство обоснованно по умолчанию, если не доказана его ложность или ненадежность. Однако слабым местом нон-редукционизма являются релятивистские следствия в случаях когнитивной асимметричности информатора и информанта.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В статье высказывается предположение, что редукционизм и нонредукционизм основываются на общем тезисе, заключающемся в описании коммуникативного знания без учета характеристик эпистемических агентов, которые это знание продуцируют. Автор считает, что формирование коммуникативного знания не зависит от доверия свидетельствам информатора. Предлагается рассматривать вопрос о доверии самому информатору как эпистемическому агенту. Высказывается предположение, что подобный анализ должен отталкиваться от эпистемологии добродетелей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The article is devoted to the epistemology of communicative knowledge. It is argued that the central problem in the analysis of such knowledge is the question of the status of testimony. The author discusses reductionism and non-reductionism as two traditional approaches to the problem of trust to testimony. The aim of the article is to describe the arguments of both approaches and to carry out their critique.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology and sources</title><p>Methodology and sources. The author uses the method of conceptual analysis to address the task at hand. The primary sources of the paper include the works of the classics of the theory of knowledge – D. Hume and T. Reid. The secondary sources include works of modern authors, belonging to the Anglo-American philosophical tradition.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Reductionism argues that although testimonial beliefs can be accepted on the basis of the reliability of the informant, the testimony itself does not provide justification. Ultimately, reductionism reduces testimony to another source of justification, such as perception or memory. The article explains that reductionism's weakness is to account for normal social interactions when the reliability of the speaker is unknown. Non-reductionism argues that testimony does not provide justification by reduction to other sources. Testimony itself is a valid form of social proof. The informant does not need additional positive reasons to accept the speaker's claims as valid. Testimony is justified by default unless it is proven false or unreliable. However, the weakness of non-reductionism is the relativistic implication in cases of cognitive asymmetry between the informant and the informant.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The article concludes that reductionism and non-reductionism are equally unsatisfactory theories. The author believes that the formation of communicative knowledge does not depend on trust in the informant's testimony. It is proposed to consider the issue of trust in the informant himself as an epistemic agent. It is suggested that such an analysis should start from an virtue epistemology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коммуникативное знание</kwd><kwd>редукционизм</kwd><kwd>нонредукционизм</kwd><kwd>доверие свидетельству</kwd><kwd>эпистемология добродетелей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>communicative knowledge</kwd><kwd>reductionism</kwd><kwd>non-reductionism</kwd><kwd>trust to testimony</kwd><kwd>virtue epistemology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stevenson L. Why Believe What People Say? // Synthese. 1993. Vol. 94, № 3. P. 429–451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stevenson, L. (1993), “Why Believe What People Say?”, Synthese, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 429–451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hume D. 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