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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">discourse</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Discourse</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-8562</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7777</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-1-19-37</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">discourse-464</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЛОСОФИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHILOSOPHY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сколькими способами можно не совершать действие?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>How Many Ways are there Not to Act?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-1117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпов</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpov</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карпов Глеб Викторович – кандидат философских наук (2010), старший преподаватель кафедры логики</p><p>Менделеевская линия д. 5, Санкт-Петербург, 199034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gleb V. Karpov – Can. Sci. (Philosophy) (2010), Senior Lecturer at the Department of Logic</p><p>5 Mendeleevskaya line, St Petersburg 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g.karpov@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>19–37</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Карпов Г.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карпов Г.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karpov G.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/464">https://discourse.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/464</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В статье анализируются формально-логические и содержательные отрицательные предложения о действиях. Цель статьи заключается в том, чтобы дать определение понятию не-действия, предложить перечень видов не-действия и описать условия их реализации агентом.Методология и источники. Автор предлагает толковать фрагмент из работы фон Вригта, где речь идет о возможных интерпретациях отрицательных предложений о действиях, как описание видов не-действия. С помощью формальных инструментов логики действий он показывает разницу между предполагаемыми видами не-действия как разницу выражений предметного языка, интерпретированных на множестве моделей, каждая из которых задает специфические условия выбора, открытого для агента. Формулируются определения для обнаруженных видов не-действия и иллюстрируются различия между ними на ряде содержательных примеров.Результаты и обсуждение. Прослеживая воплощение оригинальных идей фон Вригта в современной логике действий, автор обосновывает вывод об упрощенном толковании уклонения в этой традиции, повлекшем ряд парадоксов, когда агент уклоняется от всего того, что он не делает. В статье показывается, как предложенный автором анализ расширяет пространство возможных реакций агента в связи с некоторым действием так, что парадоксальность уклонения, отмечавшаяся формальной и неформальной школами исследования этого феномена, становится мнимой.Заключение. В статье предлагается считать список видов не-действия, определения которых были получены в результате формального-логического анализа уклонения, исчерпывающим списком альтернатив, теоретически доступных агенту в связи с любым возможным положением дел.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The article offers a formal analysis of negative action sentences. The goal of the article is to define the notion of non-action, propose a classification of types of nonaction, and to describe the situations of agentive non-doing.Methodology and sources. We propose to interpret the passage from von Wright, which deals with possible interpretations of negative action sentences, as the description of types of non-action. With the help of formal tools of the logic of action, we show the difference between the supposed types of non-action as the difference between the sentences of the subject language, interpreted in different models, each of which sets specific conditions for the choice open to an agent. We offer definitions for the detected types of non-action and illustrate the differences between them with several examples.Results and discussion. We trace the embodiment of von Wright’s original ideas in modern logic of actions and then conclude the existence of a simplified interpretation of refraining in this tradition, which entailed many paradoxes when an agent refrains from everything that she does not do. We show how our analysis expands the scope of possible reactions of an agent, so that the paradox of refraining, noted by the formal and informal schools of research of this phenomenon, becomes vanishes.Conclusion. We propose to consider the list of types of non-action, the definitions of which we obtained as a result of a formal analysis of refraining, to be an exhaustive list of alternatives available to the agent in connection with any possible state of affairs in theory.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>не-действие</kwd><kwd>уклонение</kwd><kwd>виды уклонения</kwd><kwd>логика действий</kwd><kwd>агент</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-action</kwd><kwd>refraining</kwd><kwd>types of refraining</kwd><kwd>logic of action</kwd><kwd>agent</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ (проект № 20-011-00485 «Делиберативная аргументация между рассуждением и действием»).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author thanks Vladimir I. Markin for his help in finding the materials of the IV Russian-Finnish Colloquium on Logic in 1985.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вригт фон Г. Х. О логике норм и действий // Логико-философские исследования / пер. А. Ю. Муравицкого. М.: Прогресс, 1986. С. 245–289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von Wright, G.H. (1986), “On the logic of norms and actions”, Philosophical papers, Transl. by Muravitskii, A.Yu., Progress, Moscow, RUS, pp. 245–289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belnap N. Before Refraining Concepts for Agency // Erkenntnis. Vol. 34, № 2. P. 137–169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belnap, N. 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